1.3.4

• consequence is the loss of primary industries in rural areas inc unemployment
• consequence the loss of traditional industries in urban areas inc cycle of deprivation social exclusion and low pollution levels
• inequality is the social and economic differences between people and places and can affect the way that places are represented
• rural population decrease

  fewer jobs increased mechanisation as a result people have to leaver to find employment, loss money local services close, second homes bought by affluent people in urban areas therefore house prices increase due to desirability so younger have to leave as unaffordable
• milfield, northumberland

  200 yrs people thrived: agriculture rich, had school and library, local service inc blackmsmith

  2009 unrecognisable: local services shut, 250 permanent residents, annual income 20% lower than urban areas, next 5 yrs primary schools shut, winter months unable to rely on passing trade
• fuel poverty rural areas

  reliant on hevay and solid fuels such as heating oil

  limited options of fuel available
• market towns

  engines of local economy

  investment in services

  value of heritage

  to improve: develop enterprise hubs, housing development, better promotion day trips to towns
• rural social disadvantage

  countryside desirable but at disadvantage financially and socially

  low wages and lack transport

  low population as increase house prices
• Cycle deprivation

  
• hostile architecture

  anti homeless spikes to stop homeless sleeping there

  kings cross £15 to take a shower
• pollution levels and deindustrialisation:

  1970-2013 combustion levels fell 94%

  mainly occured 1970-1985 heavy industry fell

  closure redcar steelworks reduce UK carbon emissions since 2015 by 6%

  regeneration improve industrialised areas and remove contaminated land and visual pollution
• Cycle of poverty


  The set of factors/events by which poverty, once started, can last around three generations unless there is outside intervention
• Surviving ancestors who possess and can transmit the intellectual, social, and cultural capital necessary to stay out of poverty are unable to change their impoverished circumstances
• European level interventions


  • European Structural and investment Funds (ESI)
  • European Regional Development fund (ERDF)
  • European social fund (ESF)
• National level interventions


  • Enterprise zones (EZ)
  • Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs)
• International level interventions


  • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• The role of the UK government is to look at areas of the UK for select criteria such as high unemployment, low qualifications, poverty and exclusion, and low economic activity. if met can apply for money take percentage gdp, put bid together and if allowed money would be transferred to do what they need to do to improves comes from the european invetsment bank the largest lender and borrower globally
• national funding enterprise zones:

  48 england 7 wales

  reintroduced 2012 as part of LT econ plans

  part of LEPs

  business benefit from discounted rates and payments simplified authority regulations and infastructure

  attracted 877 business 38000 new jobs

  £3.5bn investment private sectors
• LEPs 2011

  voluntary partnership between local authority and business

  used to promote economic and job growth in local areas

  NELEP multi million pound investment improve NE economy

  2015-2022 investment programmes valued £760m funding provided by: NEIF money available to SME across Durham, NEEZ offers tax rebates and financial incentives, LGF money from national government, GBF money national government
• commercial property investment fund pilot

  2yr pilot scheme supports 6 commercial office and industrial development schemes

  demonstrates need for public intervention to stimulates marginal commercial schemes overcoming market failures

  secured £40m investment private sector

  NELEP organiser

  GBF funder
• durham county council 2022:

  £25m jade enterprise zone

  £271m invested NET park segefield, £50m phase 2 business plan agreed

  £14m invested forrest park aycliffe further investment over £140m

  £100m invested through project genesis consett

  94.9% 16-17 participate education employment training 13.2% employment
• consett:

  government £9.6m reclaim works

  secondary industruy 200 jobs phileas fogg snacks

  1980s steel works closed cycle deprivation

  attract engineering set up LT genesis project

  homes built on brownfield land
• FDI

  investment made by a company based in one country to another

  mnc based usa, eu, japan, and china

  2017 FDI UL £1.3bn created 76000 jobs

  1/3 FDI project 2015 quaternary sector

  linked to government policies to regenerate places
• GBF consett

  8 industrial workspace created

  expected to create 100 jobs

  support creation SME businesses

  £448000 from GBF

  used to help economy grow

  private sector investment expected to reach £1.9m