Chapter 14

• psychological disorder


  syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development process underlying mental functioning
• abnormal psychology


  the study of psychological disorders
• comorbid


  two or more disorders in the same individual
• abnormal behavior


  behavior that is distressing and harmful to self or others
• diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

  a system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association
• autism spectrum disorder (ASD)


  a disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)


  a disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both
• schizophrenia


  a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality
• delusion


  a false, illogical belief
• hallucination


  a false perception
• bipolar disorder


  a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
• mania


  a period of unrealistically elevated mood
• major depressive disorder (MDD)

  a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
• anhedonia


  a person's disinterest in activities that previously provided pleasure (ex. sex, eating, social activities)
• learned helplessness


  a state in which experiencing random or uncontrolled consequences leads to feelings of helplessness and possibly depression
• diathesis-stress model


  a model that suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual's biological predisposition to produce a psychological disorder
• anxiety


  strong negative emotions and physical tension because of the anticipation of danger
• anxiety disorder


  a disorder featuring anxiety that is not proportional to a person's circumstances
• specific phobia


  fears of objects other than those associated with agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder
• social anxiety disorder


  a disorder characterized by an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others
• panic attack


  the experience of intense fear and automatic arousal in the absence of real threat
• panic disorder


  a disorder characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks
• agoraphobia


  unrealistic fear of open spaces, being outside the home alone, or being in a crowd
• generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)


  a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations
• obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)


  a disorder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
• obsession


  an intrusive, distressing thought
• compulsion


  repetitive, ritualistic behavior associated with high anxiety
• body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)


  a disorder characterized by the unrealistic perception of physical flaws
• posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

  a disorder caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hypervigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
• dissociative disorder


  a disorder characterized by disruptions in a person's identity, memory, or consciousness
• somatic symptom disorder


  a disorder characterized by having one or more chronic somatic symptoms about which a person is excessively concerned, preoccupied, or fearful
• personality disorder


  a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy
• antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)


  a disorder characterized by an unusual lack of remorse, empathy, or regard for normal social rules and conventions
• borderline personality disorder (BPD)


  a disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion
• narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)


  a disorder characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and low empathy
• grandiose narcissist


  tends to show inflated views of self-worth, aggressiveness, and dominance
• vulnerable narcissist


  combines inflated views of self-worth with insecurity, defensiveness, and negative emotions