General chemistry

• Organic Chemistry


  Study of chemistry of carbon (C) & its derivatives
• Biochemistry


  Study of molecules responsible for function of a Cell (Smallest functional Unit). (Biomolecules)
• Some Biomolecules: DNA, Enzymes, Ribosome, Proteins, etc.
• Most biomolecules are made up of organic compounds


  You need Organic chemistry to appreciate Biochemistry & other medical disciplines
• Module/Lecturer Expectations


  • Lecture & Practical attendance
  • Student conduct
  • Participation in class
  • Course Assessments & Examination
• Module Learning Outcomes


  • Use scientific notation & significant figures in calculations
  • Describe the structure of an atom
  • Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table & determine the electron configuration of the main group elements
  • Describe & explain the trends in the physical & chemical properties of elements
  • Define & explain the terms empirical formula & molecular formula & determine these for a given compound
  • Distinguish between ionic & covalent bonding
  • Draw Lewis structures & predict the shape & bond angles for molecules
  • Classify organic compounds into chemical groups
  • Identify the chemical & physical properties of organic compounds
  • Discuss the use of organic compounds in medicine
• Module Content areas


  • General Chemistry: Matter & measurement, Atomic structure, Periodic table, Chemical bonding, Chemical formulas & nomenclature, Molecular shapes & orbital hybridisation, Resonance & resonance structures, Intermolecular forces vs. physical properties, Acids & bases
  • Organic Chemistry: Molecular representations & nomenclature, Organic molecules nomenclature, Alkanes & cycloalkanes, Alkenes & cycloalkenes, Alkynes, Arenes (Aromatic hydrocarbons), Halo-alkanes, ethers & amines, Alcohols & phenols, Carboxylic acids & carboxylic acid derivatives, Heterocyclic compounds, Stereochemistry, Introduction to organic reactions, Electrophilic addition of alkenes, Electrophilic addition of alkynes, Radical reactions of alkanes, Nucleophilic substitution & elimination of halo-alkanes
• Typical lecture: 45mins
• Organisation of sessions


  • Learning outcomes
  • Session content
  • Quiz
  • Methods of learning
• Examination and Students' Progress

  • Continuous Assessments (60%): 1 x Midterm examination, 2 x Hand-in assignments, 1 x Class assessment, Practical sessions (quizzes & lab reports)
  • Final Examination (40%): Written examination (3h written paper)
• Must attain an average CA mark of 50% to sit for Final Exam
• Must attain an average mark of 50% to progress
• Handling Student Queries


  • For Personal queries, students should contact the Lecturer or technologist/s concerned
  • For Class queries, the class representative should contact the lecturer or technologist/s on behalf of the class
  • If not assisted contact The Module Coordinator (Dr Anthony Ishola, 206 5037) Room C104, Life Sciences II Building
• Organic Chemistry: difficult, challenging! "NOT memorisation course"
• How to succeed?


  • look over the text before lecture
  • listen carefully to lectures
  • read the text (take notes)
  • do exercises (e.g. problems in text book)
  • review
• Course information


  • Lecture Days: Tuesday 07:30-08:30 (Big lecture hall), Friday 08:30-11:30 (Big lecture hall)
  • Laboratory Practicals: Monday: 08:30-11:30 or Wednesday: 14:30-17:30 (depending on the group you are divided into)
  • Lecturer: Dr Anthony Ishola, E-mail: [e-mail], Office: Office C104 (Life Sciences II Building), Office hours: 15:00-16:00 daily
  • Reference Materials: Handouts: Given per lecture, Text book: Bettelheim, F.A.; Brown, W.H.; Campbell, M.K. & Farrell, S.O. 2010. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry. 9th ed. Brooks/Cole
• Chemistry


  The study of matter
• Chemistry


  • Deals with the structure and properties of matter
  • Deals with transformations from one form of matter to another
• Transformations


  • Chemical change
  • Physical change
• Chemical change


  More commonly called a chemical reaction. Substances are used up (disappear) & others are formed to take their places.
• Physical change


  Involves a change of physical state, e.g. melting of solids & boiling of liquids
• Physical properties


  Density, melting point, physical state (liquid, solid, gas)
• The universe consists of matter, energy and empty space
• Matter


  Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Chemistry is the science that deals with matter, i.e. structure and properties of matter and transformations from one form of matter to another
• Modern medicine relies heavily on chemistry
• It is important that future pharmacists and doctors have an understanding of chemistry
• Exponential notation (Scientific notation)

  An easy way to handle small and large numbers
• Exponential notation examples


  • 100 = 1 x 10^2
  • 1000 = 1 x 10^3
  • 1/100 = 1 x 10^-2
  • 1/1000 = 1 x 10^-3
• Negative exponents


  Denote numbers less than 1
• Exponential notation examples


  • 1234 = 1.234 x 10^3
  • 0.000456 = 4.56 x 10^-4
• Converting numbers to exponential form

  1. Move the decimal point left for positive exponents

  2. Move the decimal point right for negative exponents
• Significant figures can only be reported to the number of digits that can be read with the measuring device
• Calculations using measurements with different numbers of significant figures should only report the final answer to the least number of significant figures
• Measurement systems


  • English system
  • Metric system
  • International System of Units (SI)
• Metric system units


  Metre (m), Litre (L), Gram (g), Second (s), Degrees Celsius (°C), Joule (J), Mole (mol)
• SI units


  Metre (m), Kilogram (g), Second (s), Kelvin (K), Mole (mol)
• Converting between metric/SI units

  Move the decimal point left or right by powers of 10
• Volume


  The space occupied by a substance
• Metric volume units


  Litre (L), Millilitre (mL)