TOP INTRODUCTION

• Personality


  Individual differences in characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving
• Personality 


  Relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics with consistency and individuality of a person's behavior
• Traits


  • Contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations
  • May be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual
• Characteristics


  Unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence
• Theory


  • Groups of assumptions that explain abstract constructs
  • Based on logical deductive reasoning to form testable hypothesis
  • Constructed by people, not by nature
  • Set of related assumptions that allows scientists to formulate testable hypotheses
  • Deals with broad sets of if-then statements
• Theory of personality


  Set of beliefs that help us understand human nature
• Philosophy


  • Deals with what ought to be or what should be; theory does not
  • Means love of wisdom, and philosophers are people who pursue wisdom through thinking and reasoning
• Hypothesis


  • An educated testable guess
  • Tentative answers to problems
• Speculation


  Based on intuition, sometimes it is not testable
• Taxonomy


  Classification of things according to their natural relationships
• Criteria for evaluating a Theory

  • Generates research
  • Is Falsifiable
  • Organizes Known Data
  • Guides Action
  • Is internally consistent
  • Parsimonious
• Big 5 Personality

  • Openness - creativity and intrigue
  • Conscientiousness - thoughtfulness
  • Extroversion - sociability
  • Agreeableness - kindness
  • Neuroticism - sadness or emotional instability
• Reliability

  Consistency of a measuring instrument
• Validity


  Accuracy or truthfulness of a measuring instrument
• Generates Research


  ability to stimulate and guide further research
• Is Falsifiable


  • Ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed
• Organizes Known Data


  • Must be capable of integrating what is currently known about human behavior and personality development
• Guides Action


  • Ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems
• Is internally consistent


  • A good theory will use concepts and terms that have been clearly and operationally defined
• Parsimonious


  • General, simple, straightforward theories are more useful than ones that bog down under the weight of complicated concepts and esoteric language
• Psychodynamic


  Early childhood relationships
• Humanistic


  Optimistic; ability of the person to achieve their full potential
• Existential


  Pessimistic; to live is to suffer and one is born alone and will die alone
• Social


  Behavioristic approach, environment
• Cognitive

  Mental processes
• Traits and dispositional


  Focused on genetics and biological
• Determinism


  Governed by other forces, dynamic force, no control, forces controlling our behavior with no control
• Determinism


  • Kaya ka ganyan kasi takot ka sa parents mo
• Free Choice


  Own choice, direct our own actions
• Causality


  • Kaya ka ganyan dahil sa past experience mo
  • Kaya ka maraming jowa kasi hinahanap mo yung katulad ng sa nanay mo
• Teleology


  Affected by experience of adulthood (future goals), behavior defined by future goals
• Biological


  Nature, genetics, hereditary, natural to you
• Biological


  • Masama talaga ang tao, namana sa magulang
• Social


  Nurture, influence of environment
• Social


  • Nagiging mabait ang tao
• Pessimism


  Negative, doomed personality, emphasizing the bad
• Optimism


  Positive, hopeful and confident about the future
• Optimism


  • Pwedeng ma-achieve ng isang tao ang pinaka mabait na personality
• Conscious


  People ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why
• Unconscious


  Unconscious forces impinge on them and drive them to act without awareness