Infection and response

• What are pathogens?


  microorganismsthatcause disease
• What are the 4 pathogens?

  Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protists
• How are pathogens spread?

  - water

  - air

  - direct contact

  
• How can the spread of disease be reduced/prevented?

  - Contraception

  - Vaccination

  - Hygiene

  - Sterilising water

  
• How does bacteria make us ill?

  bacteria producetoxinsthatdamage tissue
• How do viruses make us ill?

  virusesreproduce inside cells, causingcell damage

  
• What's the difference between bacteria and viruses ?

  - bacteria multiplies in thebody- virus multiplies incells
• What are the viral diseases?

  - measles

  - HIV

  - tobacco mosaic virus
• What are the bacterial diseases?

  - salmonella

  - gonorrhoea
• Symptoms of measles


  - fever

  - red skin rash

  
• How is measles prevented?

  vaccination

  
• How is measles spread?

  the inhalation ofdropletsfromsneezes and coughs

  
• Symptoms of HIV


  flu likesymptoms

  
• How is HIV treated?

  antiretroviraldrugs

  
• How is HIV spread?

  sexor exchange of bodily fluids
• Why are AIDS bad?

  weakened immune systemmeans body can't deal withinfectionsorcancers
• Symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

  discolourationof leaves

  
• How does TMV affect plant growth?

  less chlorophyllin discoloured area soless photosynthesis-no proteinsforgrowth
• How is Salmonella spread?

  - bybacteriaingested in food- food prepared inunhygienic conditions
• How is Salmonella prevented?

  vaccinating poultry

  
• Symptoms of Salmonella


  - fever

  - stomach cramps

  - vomiting

  - diarrhoea

  
• Symptoms of Gonorrhea


  -pain while urinating- thickyellow/green discharge

  
• How is gonorrhea transmitted?

  sexual contact
• How can gonnorhea be treated?

  antibiotics

  
• How can gonnorhea be prevented?

  contraception

  
• Symptoms of Rose Black Spot

  purple/black spotson leaves

  
• How is Rose Black Spot spread?

  bywater or wind

  
• How can Rose Black Spot be treated?

  fungicidesand/orremoving the affected leaves

  
• How does rose black spot affect a plant?

  less chlorophyllin discoloured area soless photosynthesis-no proteinsforgrowth
• Symptoms of Malaria


  recurrent episodesoffeverandchills

  
• How is Malaria prevented?

  -preventingthevectors(mosquitos) frombreeding- usingmosquito nets
• What are the human defence systems?

  -Skin>oils kill pathogens-Nose>mucusandhairstrap pathogens-Trachea/bronchi>mucus traps pathogens, thenciliawafts tostomach-Stomach>HCl acid kills pathogens
• How do WBC fight infection?

  - antibodies

  - antitoxins

  - phagocytosis
• What are antibodies?


  proteinsthatrecogniseandbindtoantigens
• How do antibodies destroy pathogens?

  - Antibodiesbind to the antigenscausing thepathogenstoclumptogether- White blood cellengulfs pathogens

  
• How does phagocytosis destroy pathogens?

  - Phagocyteengulfs and ingests pathogen- Phagocytedestroys pathogenusingenzymes

  
• How do antitoxins destroy pathogens?

  antitoxinsstick to toxinsandcounteracttoxins

  
• What is a vaccination?


  small quantitiesofdead pathogeninjected into the body

  
• How does vaccination work?

  -dead pathogenisinjected- white blood cells arestimulated to make antibodies-memory cellsare made- upon reinfectionantibodiesare madequicklyandin large quantities,reducing infection
• How does herd immunity prevent spread of pathogens?

  there isless people to carry and pass on pathogenstovulnerable people