Naming and isomerism

• What is a homologous series?

  A series of compounds with similar properties
• What is a functional group?

  A specific group of atoms in a molecule
• What suffix is used for aldehydes?

  -al
• What prefix is used for aldehydes?

  formyl-
• What suffix is used for ketones?

  -one
• What prefix is used for ketones?

  oxo-
• What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?

  -oic acid
• What suffix is used for nitriles?

  -nitrile
• What prefix is used for nitriles?

  cyano-
• What suffix is used for amines?

  -amine
• What prefix is used for amines?

  amino-
• What is the suffix for esters?

  -yl –oate
• What is the suffix for acyl chlorides?

  -oyl chloride
• What is the suffix for amides?

  -amide
• What is the suffix for acid anhydrides?

  -oic anhydride
• What determines the naming order of functional groups in compounds with multiple functional groups?

  • Highest precedence group takes the suffix
  • Lowest number on the carbon chain
  • Double and triple C-C bonds take suffix form
• What is the order of priority for functional groups from highest to lowest?

  1. Carboxylic acids
  2. Carboxylic acid derivatives
  3. Nitriles
  4. Aldehydes
  5. Ketones
  6. Alcohols
  7. Amines
  8. Alkenes
  9. Halogenoalkanes
• What is the naming convention for amines when there is another priority functional group?

  The prefix amino is used
• How is a secondary amine named when it has two alkyl groups attached to nitrogen?

  Each chain is named, smaller group gets -N
• How is a tertiary amine named?

  Each alkyl group is preceded by -N
• What is the suffix for aldehydes and their unique characteristic?

  -al; C=O bond on first carbon
• What is the suffix for ketones and when is a number needed?

  -one; needed for 5C or more
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids and their unique characteristic?

  -oic acid; always at end of chain
• What is the naming convention for a compound with carboxylic acid groups on both ends?

  It is called a -dioic acid
• What is the common name for a compound with two amine groups?

  1,6-diaminohexane
• How are compounds with both ketone and carboxylic acid groups named?

  The prefix oxo- is used for ketones
• What is the naming convention for esters?

  Two parts: -yl from alcohol, -anoate from acid
• What is the naming convention for acid anhydrides?

  Named after the carboxylic acid
• What is the suffix for acyl chlorides?

  -oyl chloride
• What is the suffix for amides?

  -amide
• How are secondary and tertiary amides named?

  Smaller alkyl group is preceded by -N
• What is the suffix for nitriles and how is the carbon counted?

  -nitrile; C of CN is first carbon
• What is structural isomerism?

  Same molecular formula, different structures
• What are the types of structural isomerism?

  Chain, position, functional group isomerism
• What is stereoisomerism?

  Stereoisomers have different spatial arrangements
• What are the two types of stereoisomerism?

  Geometrical (E-Z) and optical isomerism
• What is optical isomerism?

  Occurs in compounds with chiral carbon
• What is a chiral carbon?

  A carbon with four different groups attached
• What happens to optical isomers in terms of light?

  They rotate plane-polarised light differently
• What is a racemic mixture?

  A 50/50 mixture of two enantiomers