Final

• Renaissance: started in 14/15 century with the Italians and slowly moved up to the HRE, leading to the "humanist" thinking
• Lutheranism is fully defined at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530
• The Schleitheim Confession (1527)states that all Anabaptists should

  1. be baptized as adults
  2. be pacifist
  3. call for the separation of the church from society
  4. be communal
• After the defeat in Munster in 1535, all anabaptist agree to be pacifists
• John Calvin in 1541 establishes Geneva according to his beliefs, which become the reformed tradition
• The Three pillars of the reformation:

  • Sola Fida (Faith alone)
  • Sola gratia (Grace alone)
  • Sola scriptura (Scripture alone)

  All under Sola Christus (Christ alone)
• Confessionalism: Instituting religious divisions throughout the culture and politics
• Cuius Regio, huius religio: whose the realm, his the religion
• Territorial and State Church:

  • the state serves the church through its support
  • Church services the state via promoting discipline and obedience
• The Council of Trent (1563) Said the Church was the only true interpreter of Scripture, and the Reformers' beliefs were stated to be false
• Phillipp Spener wrote Pia Desideria in 1675. Calls for more Pietism in the church by educating the individuals in the bible, increasing small groups, and reducing division in the church.
• Confessional Pietism—still committed to the Lutheran confessions and strict Lutheran doctrine, but placing renewed emphasis on mission and the role of all the baptized in the Church
• Practical Pietism—devaluing the Confessional tradition, emphasizing piety (“Christian living”) and experience
• Ecumenical Pietism—specifically working to unite various confessional communities(denominations)
• Methodism was started to be a revival of the Church of England by John and Charles Wesley, becoming a new sect in 1939
• John Winthrop was a Purtian leader in the 16th century, in Massachussetts.
• Congragationalism: Is a belief that the church should be self governing, and that every member is to be part of the Family of the Church, started in the 16th century with the Puritians
• Jonathan Edwards taught in the puritain Church a more Calvinistic and 'fire and brimstone' type of preaching. He did train pastors and missionary and aimed to convert people. (1703-1758)
• George Whitefield (1714 -1770) was known for his outreach with the Methodist movement, and his preaching all over Europe and America not really under any official church of the day
• The Enlightenment: Rationalism and questioning of traditions. Twas the birth of Skeptism and emphasis on the scientific method
• Rene Descartes (d.1650) “I think therefore I am”, the presenter of deduction
• Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)— Faith as a divine gift and reality
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) and Deism and the idea of a social contract
• G. E. Lessing (1729-1781)—a Deist who claimed that Jesus was a fraud invented by the disciples
• Enlightenment in Germany:

  G. W. Leibnitz

  G. E. Lessing

  Immanuel Kant
• British Empiricism:

  John Locke

  George Berkeley

  David Hume
• John Locke (1632-1704) : Humans are a "blank slate"
• George Berkeley (1685-1753): existence as perceiving and being perceived
• David Hume (1711-1776) - Skeptic about God and Miracles
• Enlightenment leading to "self evidence truths" like human rights
• French Revolution against the “old regime” and its hierarchical ordering of society

  • 1 st estate— clergy
  • 2nd estate— nobility
  • 3 rd estate— commoners
• The Catholics response to the Secularism is to Buckled down on their beliefs, like the pope's infallibility and the Virgin Mary's conception
• Otto von Bismark : Called out the Kulturkampf or Culture war which arose out of the conflicts with the Roman Catholics
• Lutheran (german) reaction to Secularization: to double down on their beliefs and try to 'catholicize' by reuniting with their sister churches
• Friederich Schleiermacher (d.1834) rejected Othodoxy, and believed that Christian Faith was defined as experience
• Adolph Harnack (d.1930) rejected any metaphysical aspects of Christianity
• In America in the 1800's the church takes part in social reforms like slavery, with Charles Finney (Methodist Preacher), and Temperance with Sylvester Graham.
• Catholics in America tend to congregate in the 1800's due to high levels of Protestantism in most of the country
• The Jesuit order was started in 1534 in Spain by Ignatius of Loyola
• Christopher Columbus in 1492 'found' the new world, starting the age of discovery, and expanding the Mission statement of the church