Lesson 3

• Outlining


  Knowing the different patterns of development to arrange ideas into an outline, which will be a guide in creating a first draft of a text
• Outline


  • Organize the hierarchy of the ideas that will be arranged
  • One idea must be dependent on another
• Reading is the gateway skill that makes all other learning possible (according to former US President Barack Obama)
• Critical reading


  A type of reading where the reader analyzes the text to find out the author's purpose and assess how the author achieves or not the set purpose.
• The reading process and skills

  1. Pre-reading stage: Previewing, Utilizing prior knowledge

  2. Reading stage: Identifying the stated/implied main idea, Distinguishing main idea from supporting details, Interpreting visuals

  3. Post-reading stage: Making inferences, Drawing conclusions
• Critical reading


  Extracting ideas the writer did not explicitly state, reading between and beyond the lines to understand the author's implications and how it relates to other parts of the text, the reader's experience, and real world events
• Critical reading is important to understand the author's purpose and assess how well they achieved it
• You should be familiar with your subject so that you can follow the proper subordination of ideas, which means that one idea must be dependent on another.
• According to former US President Barack Obama, “reading is the gateway skill that makes all other learning possible.
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in understanding unfamiliar words?

  Context Clues
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in finding the main idea?

  Skimming
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in finding specific details?

  Scanning
• To tell a story

  Narration
• To appeal to the reader's senses

  Description
• To explain the meaning of a word or a concept

  Definition
• To explain a category through an example or vice versa

  Exemplification/Classification
• To explain the reason and result of a phenomenon or vice versa.

  Cause and effect
• To analyze which of the topics is better or worse.

  Comparison/Contrast
• To propose a solution to a problem or vice versa.

  Problem-solution
• To convince the readers to accept a proposition and take action.

  Persuasion
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in distinguishing general from specific ideas?

  Mapping
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in organizing ideas?

  Using graphic organizers
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in reading a long text?

  Using KWL (Know, What to Know, and Learned)
• What reading strategy should I use when I have reading difficulty in remembering the text's essential information?

  Using SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review)
• It is a statement of opinion that aims to persuade or to inform.

  Argument
• The opinions of writers are written in the form of arguments.
• It contains the writer’s claim, which may be classified into different types:

  • facts
  • policies
  • values
• When a writer is claiming that a particular statement is true, that is called claim of fact.
• When a writer is claiming that something should be implemented, that is called claim of policy.
• When a writer is claiming in the argument that something is important, that is called claim of value.
• Determining Claims Made in a Text

  • Claim of fact
  • Claim of policy
  • Claim of value
• the use of reading strategies is necessary in order for us to grasp the meaning or come up to the same understanding the author wants to convey.
• Concluding without enough basis or proof.


  Hasty generalization
• Making a misleading comparison because the two cases are not comparable against each other.


  False analogy
• Considering an argument a fact.


  Begging the question
• Introducing irrelevant information to divert the topic from the real issue.


  Red herring
• Stating that everyone is doing a particular thing and implying that the reader should do the same thing.


  Bandwagon
• Claiming that an argument is supported by an authority or the writer is an authority on the subject.


  Appeal to authority