lahat

• Organismal Biology


  The study of structure, function, ecology and evolution at the level of the organism
• Life Processes


  • Acquire materials and energy (Food)
  • Coordinate Body Activities
  • Eliminate Wastes
  • Produce Offspring
  • Protect the body from pathogens
  • Transport Materials
  • Exchange Gases
  • Maintain Body Shape
• Organ Systems


  • Digestive System
  • Muscular System
  • Skeletal System
  • Endocrine System
  • Nervous System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
  • Immune System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Respiratory System
• Determinate Growth


  Plant growth where the shoot tip stops growing after a certain point
• Indeterminate Growth


  Plant growth where the shoot tip continues growing indefinitely
• 3 Main Parts of Meristems

  • APICAL
  • INTERCALARY
  • LATERAL
• APICAL Meristem


  Produce tissue that lengthens the tips of shoots and roots
• INTERCALARY Meristem


  Growth of tissue at the base of stem or leaf if tip is removed
• LATERAL Meristem


  Thicken roots and stems
• 2 Types of Growth in Plants

  • PRIMARY GROWTH
  • SECONDARY GROWTH

  
• PRIMARY GROWTH


  Lengthens the root of shoot tip
• SECONDARY GROWTH


  Increase in girth of woody plants
• "Classic Five" Plant Hormones

  • Abscisic Acid
  • Auxin
  • Cytokinin
  • Ethylene
  • Gibberellin
• Abscisic Acid


  Inhibits shoot growth and maintains bud dormancy, induces and maintains seed dormancy, stimulates closure of stomata, promotes leaf, flower and fruit abscission
• Auxin


  Stimulates elongation of cells in stem, controls phototropism's, gravitropism, thigmotrophism, suppresses growth of lateral buds
• Cytokinin


  Stimulates cell division in seeds, roots, young leaves, fruits, delays leaf senescence, stimulates growth in lateral buds
• Ethylene


  Hastens fruit ripening, stimulates leaf and flower senescence, stimulates leaf and fruit abscission, participates in thigmotropism
• Gibberellin


  Stimulates cell division and elongation in roots, shoots, young leaves, breaks seed dormancy
• Additional Plant Hormones Discoveries such as Brassinosteroids, Jasmonic acid, and Salicylic acid
• Animal Growth


  Growth in animals is more restricted in time and cell division is more generally distributed throughout the body of the organism
• Growth Hormone (GH)


  Produced in the pituitary gland, responsible for cell growth and regeneration
• Features of Plant vs Animal Reproduction

  • Displayed Behavior
  • Method of Fertilization
  • Method of Reproduction
• Self-Pollination


  Pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower

  
• Cross-Pollination


  Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species

  
• Vegetative Propagation Methods


  • Stolon or Runner
  • Bulb
  • Rhizome
  • Tuber
  • Corm
  • Sucker

  
• Stolon or Runner


  Slender horizontal stem that runs along the ground
• Bulb


  Short underground stem with fleshy leaf bases
• Rhizome


  Horizontal underground stem with short internodes, sends out roots and generates new upward-growing shoots

  
• Tuber


  Enlarged underground stem usually from rhizomes which serves as the storage organ for nutrients
• Corm


  Modified underground stem bearing membranous leaves and buds, acts as a vegetative reproductive structure

  
• Sucker


  Plant that grows from the base of the root of the plant at a certain distance away from the plant
• Artificial Vegetative Propagation Methods

  • Grafting
  • Cutting
  • Layering
  • Micropropagation
• Grafting


  Technique to produce plants by joining tissues of plants so they continue growing together, the stem is called the scion and the root is the stock

  
• Cutting


  Growing a plant from the stem or root that has been cut from another plant
• Layering


  Technique where the stem attached to the plant is bent and covered with soil
• Micropropagation


  Rapid vegetative propagation through tissue culture under laboratory conditions
• Types of Animal Reproduction

  • Viviparous
  • Oviparous
  • Ovoviviparous
  • Hermaphrodites
• Asexual Reproduction Methods


  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Parthenogenesis
• Fission


  Cell grows into twice its original size then splits into two separate organisms
• Budding


  New organism develops from the outgrowth (bud) of a part of a cell or body region, leading to separation into two individuals