Allocates a scarce resource to those who are willing to pay the market price
Command system
Allocates resources by the order (command) of someone in authority
Majority rule
Allocates resources in the way that a majority of voters choose
Contest
Allocates resources to a winner (or a group of winners)
First-come, first-served
Allocates resources to those who are first in the queue
Equally
Shares a resource equally, everyone gets the same amount
Lottery
Allocates resources to those who pick the winning number, draw the lucky card or pick the winning ticket
Personal characteristics
Allocates resources based on personal characteristics, people with the 'right' characteristics get the resources
Force
Plays a crucial role in allocating resources, e.g. war, theft
Consumer surplus
The excess of the benefit received from a good over the amount paid for it
Demand and marginal benefit
Resources are allocated efficiently and in the social interest when they are used in the ways that people value most highly
Value
What we get, price is what we pay
Marginal benefit
The maximum price willingly paid
Individual demand
The relation between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by one person
Market demand
The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by all buyers in the market
Cost
What the producer gives up, price is what the producer receives
Marginal cost
The minimum price that a firm is willing to accept
Individual supply
The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by one producer
Market supply
The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by all producers in the market
Producer supply
The excess of the amount received from the sale of a good or service over the cost of producing it
Equilibrium in a competitive market occurs when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied at the intersection of the demand curve and the supply curve
At the equilibrium point, marginal social benefit on the demand curve equals marginal social cost on the supply curve, which is the condition for allocative efficiency
If the quantity is less than the equilibrium quantity, the marginal product is valued more highly than it costs to produce
If the quantity is greater than the equilibrium quantity, it costs more to produce the marginal product than the value people place on it
Total surplus
The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus
Invisible hand
Adam Smith's idea that competitive markets send resources to their highest valued use in society
Market failure
A situation in which a market delivers an inefficient outcome
Underproduction occurs when too little of a good or service is produced, resulting in a deadweight loss
Overproduction occurs when too much of a good or service is produced, resulting in a deadweight loss