Chapter 5

Cards (30)

  • Resource allocation methods
    • Market price
    • Command
    • Majority rules
    • Contest
    • First-come, first-served
    • Equally
    • Lottery
    • Personal characteristics
    • Force
  • Market price
    Allocates a scarce resource to those who are willing to pay the market price
  • Command system
    Allocates resources by the order (command) of someone in authority
  • Majority rule

    Allocates resources in the way that a majority of voters choose
  • Contest
    Allocates resources to a winner (or a group of winners)
  • First-come, first-served
    Allocates resources to those who are first in the queue
  • Equally
    Shares a resource equally, everyone gets the same amount
  • Lottery
    Allocates resources to those who pick the winning number, draw the lucky card or pick the winning ticket
  • Personal characteristics
    Allocates resources based on personal characteristics, people with the 'right' characteristics get the resources
  • Force
    Plays a crucial role in allocating resources, e.g. war, theft
  • Consumer surplus
    The excess of the benefit received from a good over the amount paid for it
  • Demand and marginal benefit
    Resources are allocated efficiently and in the social interest when they are used in the ways that people value most highly
  • Value
    What we get, price is what we pay
  • Marginal benefit
    The maximum price willingly paid
  • Individual demand
    The relation between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by one person
  • Market demand
    The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by all buyers in the market
  • Cost
    What the producer gives up, price is what the producer receives
  • Marginal cost
    The minimum price that a firm is willing to accept
  • Individual supply
    The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by one producer
  • Market supply
    The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by all producers in the market
  • Producer supply
    The excess of the amount received from the sale of a good or service over the cost of producing it
  • Equilibrium in a competitive market occurs when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied at the intersection of the demand curve and the supply curve
  • At the equilibrium point, marginal social benefit on the demand curve equals marginal social cost on the supply curve, which is the condition for allocative efficiency
  • If the quantity is less than the equilibrium quantity, the marginal product is valued more highly than it costs to produce
  • If the quantity is greater than the equilibrium quantity, it costs more to produce the marginal product than the value people place on it
  • Total surplus
    The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus
  • Invisible hand
    Adam Smith's idea that competitive markets send resources to their highest valued use in society
  • Market failure
    A situation in which a market delivers an inefficient outcome
  • Underproduction occurs when too little of a good or service is produced, resulting in a deadweight loss
  • Overproduction occurs when too much of a good or service is produced, resulting in a deadweight loss