BI of the Respiratory Tract

• Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract

  1. Common Cold
  2. Tonsillopharyngitis
  3. Croup
  4. Influenza
  5. Diphtheria
• Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract

  1. Chronic Bronchitis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Pertussis
  4. Tuberculosis
• Respiratory Tract

  A) Nasal Cavity

  B) Pharynx

  C) Larynx

  D) Trachea

  E) Primary Bronchi

  F) Lungs

  
• inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils

  Tonsillopharyngitis
• Causative Agent of Tonsillopharyngitis

  Streptococcus pyogenes
• Mode of Transmission Tonsillopharyngitis


  direct contact with large droplets or respiratory secretions
• Clinical Manifestations of Tonsillopharyngitis


  • sudden onset of fever

  • sore throat

  • headache

  • nausea

  • malaise

  • pain

  • tonsillopharyngeal erythema
• Seasonal occurence

  children:5-10 years

  adult: 18-20 years


  tonsillopharyngitis
• Laboratory Diagnosis of tonsillopharyngitis

  Culture of specimen obtained by swab of the posterior pharyngeal- tonsillar regions
• Treatment & Prevention of tonsillopharyngitis

  • Penicillin

  • Erythromycin

  • Clindamycin
• • serious infection caused by a bacteria that make toxin (poison)
  • can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death

  Diphtheria
• Causative Agent of Diphtheria

  Corynebacterium diphtheria
• Incubation Period of Diphtheria

  2 – 5 days
• Period of Communicability of Diphtheria

  Up to 3 weeks following onset of manifestations
• Mode of transmission of Diphtheria

  airborne
• Clinical Findings of Diphtheria

  • Inflammation of RT
  • Sore throat
  • Fever
  • Arrythmia
  • Nerve weakness or paralysis
  • "bull neck" appearance
• Prominent sign of diphtheria


  thick, gray, adherent pseudomembrane over the tonsils & throat
• Laboratory Diagnosis of diphtheria

  • Swab from the nose, throat or other suspected lesions
  • Gram stain
  • Culture = definitive diagnosis
• Treatment of diphtheria

  • Penicillin G
  • Erythromycin
  • Diphtheria antitoxin = to neutralize the exotoxin
• Prevention of diphtheria

  • Vaccine= Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT)
  • Isolate infected patients
• Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) is given every

  2 – 4 - 6 months
• a chronic inflammatory condition involving the bronchi

  a recurrent bacterial infection

  Chronic Bronchitis
• Causative Agent of Chronic Bronchitis

  Streptococcus pneumonia
• Mode of Transmission of Chronic Bronchitis

  • droplets

  • direct contact
• infection involving the lung parenchyma

  Pneumonia
• Types of Pneumonia

  1. Typical pneumonia
  2. Atypical pneumonia
• Typical pneumonia

  • Lobar pneumonia= lobes affected
  • Interstitial pneumonia= interstitial spaces affected, not alveoli
  • Bronchopneumonia= bronchus, alveoli
• • “walking pneumonia “
  • milder s/sx caused by other bacterial not common causes of pneumonia.

  Atypical pneumonia
• Causative Agent of Pneumonia

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Staphyloccocus aureus
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Escherichia coli
• Mode of Transmission of Pneumonia

  • droplet
  • nasopharyngeal secretions
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Pneumonia

  • Gram stain & microscopic examination of sputum
  • Culture of blood or sputum = gold standard
  • Capsular swelling test (Quellung reaction)
  • Optochin sensitivity
• Treatment of Pneumonia

  • Penicillin G
  • Ceftizoxime
  • Vancomycin
• Prevention of Pneumonia

  • Vaccine especially to high-risk individuals elderly, no spleen
  • PPSV 23 ( Pneumo 23 / Pneumovax )= given every 5 years
  • PCV 13 ( Pneumo 13 )= lifetime
• A highly contagious disease occurring primarily in infants and young children

  Pertussis
• Causative Agent of Pertussis

  Bordetella pertussis
• Mode of Transmission of Pertussis

  Airborne droplets during severe coughing episodes
• Stages of Pertussis

  1. Catarrhal stage
  2. Paroxysmal stage
  3. Convalescent stage
• Stage of pertussis where:

  = most contagious stage lasting 1-2 weeks

  = manifests a mild URTI with non-specific S/Sx

  = greatest number of microorganism produced

  Catarrhal Stage
• Stage of pertussis where:

  = series of 5-20 forceful, hacking, coughs accompanied by production of copious amounts of mucus ending in high-pitched indrawn breath making the “whooping cough”

  = may turn cyanotic, tongue protruding, eyes bulging and neck veins engorge = lasts 2-10 weeks

  Paroxysmal Stage
• Stage of pertussis where:

  = reduction in symptoms leading to recovery

  = non-contagious

  Convalescent Stage