chap 3

• IoT, or the Internet of Things, refers to the network of physical objects (things) embedded with sensors and software to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet
• IoT


  • Features high-speed data transmission and response times that can reach down to milliseconds
  • These devices are used in ordinary household items and sophisticated industrial tools
• Types of IoT Sensors

  • Temperature Sensors
  • Proximity Sensors
  • Pressure Sensors
  • Image Sensors
  • Gyroscope Sensors
  • Level Sensors
  • Gas Sensors
• Temperature Sensors


  Measure the amount of heat energy in a source, allowing them to detect temperature changes and report that data
• Proximity Sensors


  Detect the presence or absence of objects or materials nearby without any physical contact
• Pressure Sensors


  Measure the force exerted on a surface area and are used in various applications, including touch screens and weather instrumentation
• Image Sensors


  Capture visual images, which can then be used for analysis or automation in various applications
• Gyroscope Sensors


  Measure the orientation and angular velocity, commonly used in navigation systems and smartphones to detect orientation
• Level Sensors


  Measure the level or amount of fluids, powders, or other materials within a container
• Gas Sensors


  Detect gases in the environment and are used in various safety systems to detect dangerous gases or air quality
• IoT Connectivity


  How smart devices talk to each other and the internet, using different ways to connect like Wi-Fi for close distances and cellular networks like 4G or 5G for when they're far apart
• IoT Data Processing


  1. Collection

  2. Transmission

  3. Analysis

  4. Action
• Autonomous vehicles, also known as self-driving or driverless cars, are vehicles equipped with advanced sensors like cameras, radar, and lidar
• LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)


  Uses laser light to create a 3D map of the surrounding area, measuring how long it takes for light to return after hitting an object to determine distances and shapes
• Cameras


  Provide visual data similar to the human eye, capturing images and videos to identify objects, read signs, and understand the environment
• Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)


  Send radio waves and measure the reflection of objects to determine their position and speed
• Levels of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

  • Level 0 (No Automation)
  • Level 1 (Driver Assistance)
  • Level 2 (Partial Automation)
  • Level 3 (Conditional Automation)
  • Level 4 (High Automation)
  • Level 5 (Full Automation)
• Level 0 (No Automation)


  The human driver does everything. The vehicle might have some alerts or emergency braking, but the driver is in full control
• Level 1 (Driver Assistance)


  The vehicle can control either steering or acceleration/deceleration, but not both simultaneously. Think of cruise control
• Level 2 (Partial Automation)


  The car can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration under certain conditions. The driver must stay engaged and monitor the environment at all times
• Level 3 (Conditional Automation)


  The vehicle can perform all driving tasks under certain conditions. The driver must be ready to take control when the system requests
• Level 4 (High Automation)


  The vehicle can handle all driving tasks in most environments and conditions, even if a human driver does not intervene
• Level 5 (Full Automation)


  The vehicle is fully autonomous in all conditions. There's no need for a human driver, and there may not even be driving controls in the car
• Integration of IoT in AVs

  • IoT enhances the capabilities of autonomous vehicles (AVs) through Interconnectedness and Data Sharing
  • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication allows AVs to communicate directly with each other, sharing information like speed, direction, and position to prevent collisions, optimize traffic flow, and increase road safety
  • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication extends to infrastructure like traffic signals, pedestrians, and network devices, providing AVs with a comprehensive understanding of their environment for efficient route planning, adapting to real-time road conditions, and improving overall safety