Applied anatomy and physiology

• Articulating bones


  Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint
• Skeletal system


  Provides a framework of bones for movement in conjunction with the muscular system
• Physiology


  Study of how our cells, muscles and organs work together, and how they interact
• Applied anatomy and physiology

  • Articulating bones
  • Skeletal system
  • Physiology
• Synovial joint


  • An area of the body where two or more bones meet (articulata) to allow a range of movements
• Hinge joint


  • Has a limited range of motion, movement can only occur in one plane
• Ball and socket


  • The largest range of motion, movement can occur in all planes
• Synovial membrane


  • Secreting synovial fluid for lubrication
• Synovial fluid


  • Provides lubrication to reduce friction
• Joint Capsule


  • Encloses and seals joint to keep in synovial fluid
• Bursae


  • Sacks of fluid to reduce friction
• Cartilage


  • Prevents friction / bones rubbing together
• Ligament


  • Attaches bone to bone
• Tendon


  • Attaches muscle to bone
• Structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system

  • Support
  • Structural shape
  • Blood cell production
  • Mineral storage
  • Protection
  • Points for attachment
  • Movement
• Bones


  • Short bones
  • Long bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
• Skeletal system


  • Femur
  • Cranium
  • Vertebrae
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Pelvis
  • Talus
  • Patella
• Muscular system


  • Deltoids
  • Hip Flexors
  • Biceps
  • Gluteals
  • Triceps
  • Quadricep group
  • Rotator Cuff
  • Pectorals
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Abdominals
• Flexion


  Bending or closing a joint, angle of joint decreases
• Extension


  Straightening a joint, angle of joint increases
• Adduction


  Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body
• Abduction


  Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body
• Circumduction


  Where the limb moves in a circle
• Rotation


  Limb moves in circular motion around fixed joint from midline of the body
• Plantar flexion


  Pointing the toes, movement occurs at ankle only
• Dorsiflexion


  Foot moves towards the shin as if pulling toes up
• Antagonist pair


  Muscles work in pairs at joints to cause movements
• Agonist


  The muscle contracts, pulling the bone causing movement, also called the 'prime mover'
• Antagonist


  Produces opposite action to agonist, the muscle relaxes so it doesn't impede movement
• Isotonic


  Muscles change length as they contract, includes concentric and eccentric
• Concentric


  Muscles shorten as they contract
• Eccentric


  Muscle lengthens as it contracts
• Isometric


  Muscles stay the same length as they contract
• Cardiovascular system


  Made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood that flows through them
• Respiratory system


  Transports oxygen from the air we breathe, through a system of tubes, into our lungs and then diffuses it into the bloodstream, whilst carbon dioxide makes the opposite journey
• Pathway of air


  • Mouth/Nose
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• Gaseous exchange


  Occurs at the alveoli in the lungs and takes place by diffusion, the alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries
• Haemoglobin


  The substance in the red blood cells which transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide
• Features that assist with gaseous exchange

  • Large surface area
  • Moist thin walls
  • Short distance for diffusion
  • Vast number of capillaries
  • Large blood supply
• Inspiration


  Intake of air into the lungs, the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the ribcage, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the chest, the pressure inside the chest lowers and air is sucked into the lungs