Biology

• Roots


  • Hold the plant in the ground
  • Take in water and nutrients for the plant's growth
• Types of Root Systems

  • Tap
  • Fibrous
• Stem


  • Holds up the plant parts above the ground
  • Has tiny tubes to transport water and nutrients to the plant's parts
• Types of Stem modification

  • Canes
  • Crown
  • Runner
  • Spur
  • Branch
  • Rhizomes
  • Tuber
  • Corm
  • Bulb
• Vascular Tissues


  The plant Circulatory System
• Xylem


  • Transports water, nutrients, & minerals from roots to upper portions of the plant
  • Forms the "wood" of woody plants
• Phloem


  • Conducts sugars from leaves to growing points, fruits, & storage areas
  • Comprises much of the bark of woody plants
• Life Span of a Stem

  • Annual
  • Biennial
  • Perennial
• Leaves


  • Attached to the stem by petioles
  • Consist of blade, midrib, and smaller veins
  • Function to manufacture sugars in photosynthesis
• Outer Structure of Leaves

  • Epidermis
  • Cuticle
  • Guard Cells
  • Stomates
• Inner Structure of Leaves

  • Palisade Cells
  • Parenchyma Layer
• Chloroplasts are the actual site of photosynthesis and are found in the palisade cells and the parenchyma layer
• Special Leaves


  • Bract
  • Tendrils
  • Cotyledons
• Types of Leaves


  • Parallel
  • Pinnate
  • Palmate
  • Simple
  • Palmate compound
  • Pinnate compound
  • Double Pinnate Compound
• Leaf Arrangement


  • Rosulate
  • Alternate
  • Opposite
  • Whorled
• Flower


  • Flowers are made of petals
  • Petals attract insects to the flower
  • The flower makes seeds
• Structure of General Flower

  • Pistil
  • Placenta
  • Ovules
  • Stamen
  • Anther
  • Filament

  
• Types of Flower


  • Perfect
  • Imperfect
  • Complete
  • Incomplete
  • Self-pollination
  • Cross-pollination
  • Monoecious
  • Dioecious
• Plant Classification


  • Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
  • Vascular plants (conifers, flowering plants, ferns)

  
• Characteristics of Non-Vascular Plants


  • Most are small
  • Lack vascular tissues, true leaves, seeds, and flowers
  • Have hair-like rhizoids instead of roots
  • Occupy moist habitats
  • Depend on moisture to reproduce

  
• Reproduction of Non-Vascular Plants


  1. Sperm produced by male gametophyte swims to egg produced by female gametophyte

  2. Diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

  3. Spores disperse with moisture
• Diversity of Non-Vascular Plants

  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts
  • Mosses

  
• Gross Anatomy of a Plant (Angiosperm)


  • Root System
  • Shoot System
• Root System


  • Anchor plant
  • Absorb water and nutrients
  • Store surplus sugars
  • Transport materials from/to shoot
  • Produce hormones (minor site)
  • House soil fungi and microorganisms
• Shoot System


  • Photosynthesis
  • Transport materials
  • Reproduction
  • Hormone synthesis (major site)
• From Seed to Fruit


  1. Embryo begins growing after fertilization, resulting in a seed

  2. Ovary develops into a fruit to disperse the seeds
• Gymnosperm


  Seed plant that produces "naked" seeds not inside a fruit
• Different Types of Gymnosperm


  • Cycads
  • Conifers
  • Ginkgoes
  • Gnetophytes
• Gymnosperm Reproduction


  1. Male cones produce pollen

  2. Female cones contain an ovule

  3. Female cones grow in upper branches to be fertilized by wind-blown pollen from male cones

  4. Male cones grow in lower branches
• Pair of kidneys


  • Primary excretory organ
  • Responsible for filtration of blood and formation of urine
• Pair of Ureters


  • Tubular organ
• Urinary bladder (single)


  • A temporary storage reservoir for urine
• Urethra


  • Tube that carry urine from urinary bladder to the outside the body
• Aorta


  • Transports blood to the kidneys, where it is filtered
• Renal Veins


  • Carry filtered blood from the kidneys to the posterior vena cava
• Renal Arteries


  • Carry unfiltered blood from the aorta to the kidneys
• Petiole


  Expands the leaf area and orients the leaf
• Blade


  Provides a large area for the efficient absorption of light
• Midrib and Veins


  Conducts water, sugar, and other compounds throughout the leaf
• Outer Structure of leaves

  • Epidermis
  • Cuticle