FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE

• Most honest, ethical, professional in US
• Largest healthcare profession in nation
• Employment growth at 9% from 2020 to 2030
• 9 million more nurses to achieve global universal health coverage by 2030
• Nursing Practitioner


  Has full authority as doctors, Does common procedures (VS-taking, Drawing blood samples, Recording medical histories, Assessing and determining symptoms, Conducting PE, Ordering and Conducting Diagnostic Tests, Working with the physician to recommend viable care options, Administering meds, Providing self-care education)
• Evolution of Nursing Practice

  1. Evidence-based framework to maximize health outcomes

  2. Nightingale - She documented conditions and how they affect health of patients

  3. Mid-1940s - Appearance in literature

  4. 2000s - Embracement of nursing practice
• Nursing Specialties


  • Ambulatory Care Nurse
  • Cardiac Care Nurse
  • Certified Nurse-Midwife
  • Emergency Nurse
  • Family Nurse Practitioner
• Evidence-Based Practice


  • Identify problem and apply interventions
  • Evaluate method to see possible improvement
  • Apply new knowledge to advance practice
  • Deliver high-quality and safer care to improve patient outcomes
  • Help make better patient decisions and eliminate activities with little to no benefit
  • Streamline healthcare practices to save time
  • Provide individualized care
• Recipients of Nursing


  • Consumer - Uses service and commodity
  • Patient - Latin "to suffer" or "to bear"
  • Client - Advises, services, needs, Receiver of healthcare as it is collaborative
• Scopes of Nursing


  • Promoting Health and Wellness
  • Preventing Illness
  • Restoring Health
  • Caring for the Dying
• Roles and Functions of the Nurse

  • Caregiver
  • Communicator
  • Teacher
  • Client advocate
  • Counselor
  • Change Agent
  • Leader
  • Manager
  • Case Manager
  • Research Consumer
• Concept of Man


  Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially and who initiates and performs self-care activities on own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.
• Atomistic Approach


  • Focused on the human body (Cytology, anatomy, and physiology), Vs-taking, pain score, blood or urine sampling, lab results
• Holistic or Total Approach

  • Patterns of relationships with others in the supra-system of society, Relationships, interventions, interactions, Interpersonal, communication
• Energy-Matter Exchange


  • Foods to bowels
  • Intake-output relationship
  • Input of energy need not result in output of matter (Energy-to-energy exchange, Energy-to-matter exchange, Matter-to-matter exchange, Matter-to-energy exchange)
• Man as a Biological Being

  • Subordinate System - ADL, Vital to survival
  • Superordinate System - Frameworks of relationships, Family, community, society
• Man as a Psychosocial Being


  • Man is a unique and irreplaceable, one-time being on this world, Biological, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions- Joyce Travelbee
• Needs of Man


  • Covert - Non-observable, Love, belongingness, security, etc.
  • Overt - Mental, social, and physical needs, Observable
• Dimensions of Basic Needs

  • Physiological - For functioning
  • Psychological - Sense of emotional support, Treating client as a unique individual
  • Socio-cultural - Enabling
• Bowels


  Intake-output relationship
• Energy exchange


  • Energy-to-energy exchange
  • Energy-to-matter exchange
  • Matter-to-matter exchange
  • Matter-to-energy exchange
• Man as a Biological Being

  • Subordinate System
  • Superordinate System
• Subordinate System


  • ADL
  • Vital to survival
• Superordinate System


  • Frameworks of relationships
  • Family, community, society
• Man as a Psychosocial Being


  • Man is a unique and irreplaceable, one-time being on this world
  • Biological, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions
• Needs of Man


  • Covert (Non-observable: love, belongingness, security, etc.)
  • Overt (Mental, social, and physical needs - Observable)
• Dimensions of Basic Needs

  • Physiological (For functioning)
  • Psychological (Sense of emotional support, Treating client as a unique individual)
  • Socio-cultural (Enabling others to do things for themselves, Active participation)
  • Intellectual (Cognition: Judgment, orientation, memory, information-processing)
  • Spiritual (Relationship with self, others, or divine power)
• Health


  Presence or absence of disease
• Nightingale, 1860/1969


  "State of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent"
• Talcott Parsons, 1951


  Health defined in terms of role and performance
• US President 1953, Commission on Health Needs of Nation


  "Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment not a state but a process. The process adapts the individual not only to our physical health."
• ANA, 2010


  Health and illness are human experiences, Health can not become illness (presence of illness does not preclude health, nor does optimal health preclude illness)
• WHO, 1948


  "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
• Personal Definitions of Health

  • Being free from symptoms/pain
  • Being able to be active freely
  • Being in good spirits most of the time
• Wellness and Well-being

  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Occupational
  • Emotional
  • Spiritual
  • Intellectual
  • Physical
• Variables Influencing Health

  • Health Status
  • Health Beliefs
  • Health Behaviors
  • Illness
  • Disease
  • Etiology
  • Remission
  • Exacerbation
• Registered Nurse


  Acquiring knowledge, skills, ethical considerations to provide quality care to patients
• Nursing


  Profession rooted in compassion, empathy, and commitment to provision of holistic care to individual, family, and community
• Essential Skills for Nursing

  • Communication (Collaborations and interactions)
  • Critical Thinking (Assess, decide, adapt)
  • Clinical Competence (Proficiency in clinical procedures)
  • Empathy and Compassion (Being understanding)
  • Problem-solving (Identifies and addresses problems promptly)
• Ethical Considerations in Nursing

  • Respecting patient autonomy (Respecting rights to make informed decisions about healthcare and to involve in planning)
  • Maintaining confidentiality (Protecting privacy)
  • Advocacy (Receives care, support, information to make informed decisions)
  • Integrity (Being honest and professional in interactions)