Unit 5

• slash and burn: a type of cultivation where trees are cut down and burned for rich nutrients
• Translumane: the movement if herds between pastors depending on temperature and seasons
• Agriculture: the purposeful cultivation of plants/animals to produce goods for survival
• Geographers study agriculture to understand how humans have modified the environment to sustain themselves
• Generally, the farther from the equator, the shorter the growing season will be
• Climate regions: areas with similar climate patterns based on latitude and locations to coasts and continental interiors
• Tropical climate characteristics are warm temperatures and high participation
• Mediterranean agriculture: growing hardy trees (olive, fruit and nuts) and shrubs (grape vines) and sheep/goats
• Intensive agriculture pushes farmers to put a lot of efforts to produce as much yield as possible from one area of land
• Intensive agriculture uses lots of energy imputes such as fertilizer and pesticides
• Plantation agriculture: large scale commercial farming of a particular crop growth for markets often distant from plantations
• Plantation agriculture usually occurs in peripheral and semi-peripheral economics in the tropics
• Market gardening: farming that produces fruits, vegetable, and flowers for a specific market in an urban area where farmers sell to local stores, restaurants, farmers markets, and road stands
• Mixed crop and livestock systems: both crops and live stalks are grown in profit. This can happen by both crop and animals being grown on the same land or them being grown on separate farms
• Extensive agriculture has lower outputs then farmers using intensive agriculture
• Shifting cultivation: the practice of growing crops or livestock on a land for 1-2 years then abandoning it
• Nomadic heading (pastoral nomadism): move livestock seasonally for best grazing
• Ranching: a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
• Monocropping: the cultivation of 1 to 2 crops that are seasonally rotated
• Monoculture: the agricultural system of planting 1 crop and 1 animal annually
• Crop rotation: the varrying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and continuing productivity of the soil
• Metes and bounds: determines property boundaries by lines drawn in a certain direction for a specific distance from clear points of reference (usually natural features)
• Long lot survey system: property was divided into a series of adjacent long strips of land stretching back from a footage along a river or lake
• Long lot system allows for equal access to waterways and a mix of soils
• Grid system: a cadastral system created with rectangular lots
• Clustered settlement (Uncleared settlement): residents live in close proximity which promotes social unity
• Dispersed settlements: houses and buildings are isolated from 1 another over a large plot of land
• Disperced settlements are often found in areas with low resources or rough terrain. This helps promote self-sufficiency
• Linear settlements: houses and buildings extend in a long line usually fallowing a land feature
• Foragers: small nomadic groups who had primary plant-based diets and ate small animals and fish for protein
• Between 11-12 thousand years ago, Earth began to warm up so people began to domestically farm plants and animals
• agricultural hearth: each area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals
• Fertile Crescent: region near Asia where they grew wheat, barley, rye, peas, beans, sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs
• Southeast Asia was home to pigs, cattle, fowl, camles, buffalo, sugarcane, root vegetables, millets, hemp, chi ease cabbage, wheat, rice, barley, peas, and cotton
• Central America is home to sweat potato’s, beans, and corn
• Migrants brought various seeds and animals to their new homes, which were eventually adopted by the locals
• Colombian exchange: the exchange of goods and ideas between America, Europe, and Africa
• The first agricultural revolution occurred 11,000 years ago and marked the shift from foraging marking the beginning of agriculture
• Nuts, berries, planting seeds, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chicken, horses, camel, stone, bone, and oxen plows were introduced during the first agricultural revolution
• the replacement of oxen with horses, horse drawn seed drill, steel plow, fertilizers, field drainage systems, and crop rotation were all introduced during the second agricultural revolution