Exercise 13: Animal Cells and Tissues

• Epithelial tissue - covers body surfaces, line body cavities and ducts, and form glands
• Connective tissues - bind, support and protect body parts
• Muscle tissues - produce movement via contraction
• Nervous tissues - transmit nerve impulses from one body part to and from the spinal cord and brain
• What material surrounds the cell wherein its composition varies among different tissue types?

  Extracellular matrix
• In terms of function, what can epithelial tissue be classified as?

  Membranous epithelia, glandular epithelia
• Membranous epithelia - consists of sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells that lines the organs
• Glandular epithelia - consist of clumps of epithelial cells that form many of the body's glands
• Since epithelial cells are polar, they have distinct what?

  Apical and basal surfaces
• Basal surface - surface anchored to the thin, sheet-like ECM, called the basement membrane, aka Basal lamina
• Apical surface - surface facing towards the external environment (as in the skin) or towards the lumen, which is the cavity at the center of a tubular structure.
• Based on the number of cells, membranous epithelia can be classified as what?

  Simple or stratified
• What are the classified membranous epithelial shape types?

  Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Simple squamous epithelia - consist of a single layer of flat epithelial cells and can be found in a frog liver x.s.
• Simple cuboidal epithelia - consist of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, which usually line small ducts and tubules and can be found in a frog kidney x.s.
• Simple columnar epithelia - consist of a single layer of elongated cells and can be found in a frog small intestine x.s.
• Stratified epithelia - formed by multiple layers of cells can can be further classified according to shape. These specialized tissue consist of squamous epithelia cells found on the surface and layers of cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells beneath.
• Glandular epithelia - May be unicellular or multicellular wherein they secrete chemical substances for use within the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
• Multicellular glands may be classified as what?

  Exocrine or endocrine
• What is an example of a unicellular gland?

  Goblet cell
• What is an example of an exocrine gland found in a frog skin x.s.?

  Cutaneous glands
• Label the following.

  A) Basal Lamina

  B) Basal surface

  C) Apical Surface

  
• In the x.s. of a frog liver, what kind of epithelia tissue surrounds the artreole?

  Simple squamous

  
• Identify what is found in the frog kidney x.s.

  A) Simple cuboidal epithelia

  
• Identify what is found in the frog small intestine x.s.

  A) Simple columnar epithelium

  
• Label what is asked.

  A) Goblet Cells

  
• From the image, Identify the poorly stained structure directly below A. What is it pare?

  Cutaneous gland

  A) Goblet cells

  
• Connective tissues - composed mainly of abundant ECM, where specific types of cells are distributed or dispersed
• Fibrous connective tissues - include loose and dense connective tissue that support and join various body structures.
• Since connective tissues consist of the ECM what cells secrete them?

  Fibrocytes
• What are three examples in the manual that show connective tissue?

  Cartilage, bone, blood
• Loose connective tissue - "packing material" of the body. It anchors blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and many body organs
• Dense connective tissues - can be found in the skin, tendons, and ligaments. It consists primarily of dense packed fibers, which may be irregular or regular in arrangement.
• Cartilage - flexible supportive tissue
• What is cartilage composed of?

  chondrocytes
• The ECM of the cartilage is made up of what amorphous ground substance which gives cartilage resilience and a network of collagen or elastic fibers?

  Chondroitin sulfate
• What are the 3 types of cartilage stated in the manual?

  Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
• Hyaline cartilage - most abundant type of cartilage which is characterized by very fine collagen fibers that are widely dispersed in the gelatinous substance.
• Bone - tissue provides internal support as well as protection to internal organs. It also anchors the muscles and provides them with leverage to support movement.
• What are the cells that bone consist of?

  Osteocytes