part 1

• Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F. Skinner)


  Scientist who used operant conditioning to train rats and pigeons to differentiate between light and dark
• Ivan Pavlov


  Scientist who demonstrated classical conditioning methods
• Classical Conditioning


  Pairing a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus to evoke a particular response
• Operant Conditioning


  Reinforcement and punishment are most commonly associated with
• John B. Watson


  Scientist who conducted a controversial experiment involving a baby and a rat
• Negative Punishment


  • A second-grade student loses 1 minute of recess every time she breaks a classroom rule. Eventually, the student stops breaking the classroom rules.
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner


  • You are trying to train your dog not to jump on guests when they walk into your home. You buy a zap collar at the store, which has a remote that will shock the dog when you push a button. Every time your dog jumps on a person, you push the button, and the dog gets an electric shock.
• Positive Punishment


  • You are potty training your 3-year-old daughter. She lets you know every time she needs to use the bathroom. However, she is having accidents instead of actually using the toilet. Her pediatrician suggests that you should have her clean her underwear every time she has an accident. You start enforcing this rule, and she has fewer accidents.
• Positive Reinforcement


  • Give the entire class a free ice cream pass to use in the cafeteria
• Positive reinforcement and positive punishment


  • You are absent from school for an afternoon. When you return, you read the report left by your substitute. The report states that half of your class behaved wonderfully and completed their entire assignment. The other half of the class misbehaved and did not finish their assignment. For the students who behaved, you give them free time on the computer. For the students who misbehaved, you give them an extra, more difficult assignment to accomplish.
• Ivan Pavlov


  Developed classical conditioning
• Bell


  The conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's Dog experiment
• Behavioral learning theory and social learning theory are not the same
• Environmental Experiences


  Assumed to be necessary in order to change behavior in behavioral learning theories
• Learning


  A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience
• Businesses can use operant conditioning to continuously reward consumers for patronage


  • Reward cards & constant low prices
• Operant Conditioning

  Drive, Cue, Response, Reinforcement
• Extinction is not a process in classical conditioning
• According to social learning theory, social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others
• Instinctive drift


  Reflects the tendency for conditioning to be limited by natural instincts
• Stimulus


  The specific object or event that influences behavior in Operant Conditioning
• Positive Reinforcement


  • On the first day of class, Derek draws an obnoxious picture on the blackboard, and the entire class laughs. As a result of the attention from the other students, Derek draws an obnoxious picture on the blackboard for the rest of the week.
• Secondary Reinforcement


  • Bill began running track and field because it kept him healthy. After winning a few medals, he noticed that his friends looked up to him more, and he became more popular. Because the medal is associated with winning and praise from his friends, Bill begins to focus all his attention on winning medals.
• Reinforcement


  Anything that reinforces behavior
• Through operant conditioning, it is likely that the behavior that is rewarded will be repeated
• The addition of something pleasant is not negative punishment
• Negative punishment


  This type of learning occurs when an already existing stimulus is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
• Removal of something pleasant is not negative reinforcement
• Positive punishment


  The addition of something unpleasant
• Vicarious reinforcement


  • Student "A" sees Student "B" get a gold star on his name tag for picking up trash in the hallway. As a result, Student "A" starts picking up trash in the hallway in hopes of also receiving a gold star.
• Operant and Classical Conditioning

  • The evolutionary influence in (Operant) Conditioning is that behaviors similar to natural or instinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned.
  • Behavior is elicited by a stimulus in (classical) Conditioning.
  • Nonreflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with (operant) Conditioning.
  • Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process of (operant) Conditioning.
  • In (operant) Conditioning, the conditioned responses are active behaviors that operate on the environment.
  • In (classical) Conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
  • The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus characterizes the cognitive aspect of (classical) Conditioning.
  • The behavior is emitted by the organism in (operant) Conditioning.
  • Conditions physiological and emotional responses. (classical conditioning)
  • In (operant) Conditioning, the performance of the behavior is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement or punishment.
  • In (operant) Conditioning, the basis of learning is the process of associating a response and the consequence that follows it.
  • Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with (classical) Conditioning.
  • In (classical) Conditioning, the extinction process is the decreasing of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone
  • The evolutionary influence of (classical) Conditioning is that innate predispositions influence how easily an association is formed between a particular stimulus and response.
• Sensitisation is a classical conditioning process