Lecture 2

• Historical Trends in IPM

  • Pre-IPM era
  • Emergence of the Early Concepts of IPM
  • The ETL-Based IPM
  • Management of Invasive Species
  • Emerging IPM/PM Concept/Trends
• Earliest record of pest technology on the use of sulfur by the ancient Sumerians

  About 2500 BC
• Both Egyptians and Chinese used insecticides formulated from herbs and oils to preserve seeds or grains


  pre-biblical times
• Recognition of phenology as a Science leading to the principle of planting crops based on breeding season of pests for avoidance

  3000 BC
• Events in Pest Management during the Pre-IPM Era

  • A.D. 307 - The Chinese discovered the application of one organism to control another
  • Middle Ages - Few developments in pest control were recorded
  • A.D. 1100 - The Chinese discovered the use of soap to control pests
  • late 1600s - Tobacco infusion and herbal insecticides plus arsenic were used
• Records of the use of insecticidal plants

  • Circa 1500 - Compounds emitted by certain plants, sabadilla (Sabadilla officinarum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) which may repel insects
  • Late 1700s - The compound quassin was extracted from Quassia amara
  • Early 1800 - The compound heliopsin was extracted from Heliopsis longipes
  • 1940 - The compound naphtoquinones was extracted from Calceolaria andina
  • 1990 - The compound derris was extracted from Derris chinensis
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)


  A system to control pests while looking into the environmental and biological precepts of methods to be used that are influential in the reduction of pest populations
• Emergence of the Early Concepts of IPM

  • 1954 - Smith and Allen were the first to use the term IPM and discussed integrating biological and chemical insect pest management approaches
  • 1959 - Stern et al.
  • 1961 - Geiri and Clark - idea of "managing" pest populations emerged
  • 1965 - Smith and Reynolds broadened the definition to describe the integration of all methods of control: biological, chemical, physical and genetic controls
  • 1970 - Geier advocated "pest management" rather than "integrated control"
• FAO (1967) and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, 1972) on IPM


  • FAO (1967) - a system to control pests while looking into the environmental and biological precepts of methods to be used that are influential in the reduction of pest populations
  • Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, 1972) - the selected methods to be used against pest populations involve careful formulation and conduct in order to predict consequences in terms of its economic, ecological and sociological impacts
• ETL-Based IPM


  This IPM-based program focuses on acceptable pest levels which emphasizes on the idea of control to reduce pest population but not eradication. It establishes acceptable levels called action thresholds that suggests applicable control measures if the threshold levels are crossed.
• Supervised Insect Control (SIC)

  Application of insecticides are supervised by qualified entomologists. Pesticides are only used when the insect population is expected to affect the crop.
• Economic Injury Level (EIL)


  The lowest pest population that causes economic damage
• Economic Threshold Level (ETL)


  The pest population that requires treatment to prevent economic damage
• General Equilibrium Population (GEP)

  The average pest population over a lengthy period in a stable environment
• Characteristics of ETL-Based IPM

  • Compatibility
  • Collaboration
  • Work together for a common cause
  • Arrive at a common solution
  • Multidisciplinary
• The Filipino brand of IPM

  KAsaganaan ng SAkahan at KALIKASAN (KASAKALIKASAN)
• Republic Act No. 8435 - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act 1997 reduced the use of pesticide in the country and promoted IPM in staple crops, like rice and corn, through the Ginintuang Masaganang Ani Program
• Rachel Carson (1962) exposed the pesticide damage on the environment. USA, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia adopted IPM policies in the 1970s and 1980s.
• Invasive species


  Plants, animals, disease agents, and other creatures that human purposefully or mistakenly transport into new places and destroy the environment or livelihoods
• Invasive species program planning themes (IUCN, 2009)

  • Making plans and decisions
  • Building support
  • Increasing capability
  • Regulations, Rules and Procedures
  • Tracking progress
  • Prioritization
  • Investigation
  • Biosecurity
  • Controlling invasive species
  • Restoration after treatment
• Biorational products and processes

  Based on insect growth and communication, minimize the need for persistent conventional pesticides, offer an appropriate cost-benefit ratio, handle ecological impact, assure food security, and improve exports
• Insect Growth Based Approaches

  • Insect cuticle targeting insecticides (chitin synthesis inhibitors, chitin degradation inhibitors, Sclerotization inhibitors or accelerators)
  • Insect growth hormone-based insecticides (brain hormone-based insecticides, molting hormone-based insecticides, juvenile hormone-based insecticides)
• Insect Communication Based Approaches

  • Semiochemicals: Pheromones, Allelochemicals
• Insect pheromones


  Semiochemicals produced inside their body by special glands, then are release from their body, pass through air or water and are detected by the receiver
• Insect Pheromones: Implementation and Potentials in IPM

  • Mating-disruption or Confusing/decoy Technique
  • Monitoring and pest-scouting technique
  • Mass-trapping technique
  • Attract-and-kill technique
  • Pheromone Nanogel Technique
  • Pheromone Dispensing Technology
  • Microencapsulated pheromone technology
• Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)


  Employ eco-friendly SIT for major insect pests, includes radiation that sterilizes insects. Strengths: Suppression, Eradication, Containment, Prevention
• Methods of adding genes to a cultivar using GMO

  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens
  • Microprojectile bombardment
  • Electroporation
  • Miroinjection
• Bt was invented in 1938
• Environmental Benefits of GMO

  • Higher yields
  • Cheaper pesticide input costs
  • Less insecticides residues
  • Less harm to non-target organisms
  • Simpler crop management
• Environmental Impact of GMO

  • GMO plants and insect pest population dynamics (Transgenic crops and secondary pests, Environment affects gene expression)
  • Adaptation insect resistance (Harmful insects may resist chemical pesticides, Antibiotic-resistant genes, Gene transfer)
  • Transgenic crop-nontarget organism interaction (Nontarget insects, Pollinators, Predators, Parasitoids, Soil microflora)
• Social and Ethical Issues: Biosafety of Food from Transgenic Plants, GMO risk assessment and management