Joos

• Joos came up with 5 levels of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate.
• Frozen formality is characterised by the use of set phrases in ceremonial, ritual, or very conventional situations.
• Formal formality is normally used by a speaker addressing an audience where interaction and interruption are not normally permitted.
• Consultative formality is normally used in exchanges between people who are not family, friends, or acquaintances but where interactions between speakers is normal.
• Casual formality is used between people who know each other reasonably well in informal settings.
• Intimate formality is normally used for private communication such as between family members and close friends.