Unit 2A

• Gas exchange


  One of the main functions of the circulatory system is to carry oxygen throughout the body
• Respiration


  The process of taking oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide from the body to maintain homeostasis
• Respiratory system


  1. Moves air into and out of lungs

  2. Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

  3. Removes gaseous waste such as CO2 and takes in O2
• Circulatory system


  Made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body
• Major functions of the circulatory system

  • Transport nutrients
  • Transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
  • Transport hormones
  • Transport wastes
• Major organs of the circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
• Gas exchange


  1. High concentration of O2 moves out of the lungs into the blood to create a balanced concentration

  2. CO2 does it in the opposite direction
• Cell membrane


  Allows for the diffusion of O2 and CO2 in single celled organisms
• Respiration


  Cellular process in which the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food (preformed organic molecules) is used to make ATP, the form energy must be in to be used for metabolic activities
• Mitochondria


  The cellular site of respiration
• Respiration


  1. Uses glucose and oxygen

  2. Gives off water, carbon dioxide & energy in the form of ATP

  3. Occurs in all cells at all times
• The formula for respiration is: 6O2 + C6H12O6 ➡ENZYMES➡ 6CO2 + 6H2O ATP
• Thermoregulation


  The process by which the human body maintains a stable internal temperature despite external environmental variations
• Thermoregulation


  • Involves the integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems
• Integumentary system


  Primarily represented by the skin, plays a crucial role in thermoregulation
• Integumentary system in thermoregulation

  1. Sweat glands release moisture onto the skin's surface, facilitating cooling through evaporation

  2. Blood vessels in the skin undergo vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to enhance heat dissipation
• Nervous system


  Specifically the hypothalamus, acts as the central regulator
• Nervous system in thermoregulation

  1. Receives input from temperature sensors throughout the body

  2. Initiates responses to maintain the body's set-point temperature

  3. Autonomic nervous system ensures seamless adjustments in involuntary functions such as sweating or shivering

  
• Endocrine system


  Introduces hormonal regulation
• Endocrine system in thermoregulation

  1. Hormones influence metabolic rate, impacting the body's heat production

  2. Hormones like adrenaline from the adrenal glands can stimulate heightened metabolic activity in response to stress or cold conditions
• The collaboration between the integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems is fundamental to the body's ability to adapt and maintain homeostasis
• Digestion


  The process of breaking food into small molecules so that they can be absorbed and used by the body
• Digestion


  1. Begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical breakdown

  2. Food travels to the stomach and is further broken down by gastric juices

  3. Food moves into the small intestine where most digestion takes place with enzymes from the pancreas and liver

  4. Digested food enters the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine

  5. Undigested food goes into the large intestine and is eventually carried out of the body through the anus
• Organic compounds that make up bodies

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• All but nucleic acids are macronutrients
• Inorganic compounds important for living organisms

  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen
• Macronutrients


  Larger molecules synthesized (made) of smaller building blocks (monomers)
• Macronutrients


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  • Examples not provided
• Carbohydrates


  • Building blocks: not provided
  • Function: not provided
• Lipids


  • Examples not provided
• Lipids


  • Building blocks: not provided
  • Function: not provided
• Proteins


  • Examples not provided
• Proteins


  • Building blocks: not provided
  • Function: not provided