Unit 2A

• Gas exchange


  One of the main functions of the circulatory system is to carry oxygen throughout the body. Respiration is the process of taking oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide from the body to maintain homeostasis.
• Respiratory system


  1. Moves air into and out of lungs

  2. Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

  3. Removes gaseous waste such as CO2 and takes in O2
• Circulatory system


  Made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
• Circulatory system


  • Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes
• Gas exchange


  Happens through the process of diffusion; high concentration of O2 moves out of the lungs into the blood to create a balanced concentration and CO2 does it in the opposite direction.
• Cell membrane


  Allows for the diffusion of O2 and CO2 in single celled organisms.
• Respiration


  A cellular process in which the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food (preformed organic molecules) is used to make ATP, the form energy must be in to be used for metabolic activities.
• Mitochondria


  The cellular site of respiration. Cells that need much energy, such as brain, muscle and gland cells, contain many mitochondria.
• Respiration


  Uses glucose and oxygen and gives off water, carbon dioxide & energy in the form of ATP.
• The formula for respiration is: 6O2 + C6H12O6 ➡ENZYMES➡ 6CO2 + 6H2O ATP
• Thermoregulation


  The process by which the human body maintains a stable internal temperature despite external environmental variations.
• Thermoregulation


  • Involves the integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems.
• Integumentary system


  Primarily represented by the skin, plays a crucial role in thermoregulation. Sweat glands release moisture onto the skin's surface, facilitating cooling through evaporation. Blood vessels in the skin undergo vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to enhance heat dissipation.

  
• Nervous system


  The hypothalamus acts as the central regulator. It receives input from temperature sensors throughout the body and initiates responses to maintain the body's set-point temperature. The autonomic nervous system ensures seamless adjustments in involuntary functions such as sweating or shivering.

  
• Endocrine system


  Introduces hormonal regulation. Hormones influence metabolic rate, impacting the body's heat production. Hormones like adrenaline from the adrenal glands can stimulate heightened metabolic activity in response to stress or cold conditions.
• Digestion


  The process of breaking food into simpler molecules so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body.
• Digestion


  1. Begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical breakdown

  2. Food travels to the stomach and is further broken down by gastric juices

  3. Food moves into the small intestine where most digestion takes place with enzymes from the pancreas and liver

  4. Digested food enters the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine

  5. Undigested food goes into the large intestine and is eventually carried out of the body through the anus
• Macronutrients


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  Examples: [Examples], Building Blocks: [Building Blocks], Function: [Function]
• Lipids


  Examples: [Examples], Building Blocks: [Building Blocks], Function: [Function]
• Proteins


  Examples: [Examples], Building Blocks: [Building Blocks], Function: [Function]