Unit 2B

• Respiration


  Cellular process in which the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food (organic molecules) is used to make ATP, the form energy must be in to be used for metabolic activities in cell
• Respiration continuously occurs in all living cells all day long
• Site of respiration


  • Mitochondria of cells
  • Cells that need much energy, such as brain, muscle and gland cells, contain many mitochondria
• Respiration


  Oxygen + Glucose ➡ Enzymes ➡ Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
• Aerobic respiration


  Uses oxygen to turn sugar into energy
• Anaerobic respiration


  Does not need oxygen, involves breaking down sugar without oxygen, resulting in the production of ATP energy and lactic acid (waste product)
• Organic compounds


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Indicators


  Substances that undergo a visible change in color or appearance when they encounter certain chemicals or conditions
• Benedict's solution


  Turns from blue to orange-red in the presence of glucose (simple carbohydrate)
• Iodine solution


  Turns from yellow-brown to blue-black in the presence of starch (complex carbohydrate)
• Biuret reagent


  Turns from blue to violet-purple in the presence of protein
• Endocrine system


  • System made up of glands that produce and secrete (release) hormones
  • Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the blood to regulate body functions & homeostasis
• Insulin


  Hormone that regulates blood sugar
• Adrenaline


  Hormone that triggers "fight or flight" response
• Enzymes


  • Special proteins that help break down food into smaller molecules in digestion
  • Follow the lock and key model: each enzyme (the lock) fits perfectly with its substrate (the key), enabling them to bind together at activation site
  • Each enzyme works best at a specific pH and temperature
• Amylase, lipase, protease


  Examples of enzymes
• Cell transport


  Process by which substances move in and out of cells to maintain homeostasis
• Excretory system


  Plays a role in excretion (removal) of wastes, toxins, and excess materials in cells. Organs included kidneys, bladder
• Passive transport


  No energy required; substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
• Passive transport


  • Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
  • Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• Active transport


  Requires energy (ATP); substances move against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration
• Investigation to identify the connection between:

  1. Exercise & cellular respiration: aerobic versus anaerobic

  2. Pulse rate & exercise

  3. Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, & excretory system
• Graphing relationships