Lesson 11 & 12

• International Environmental Law - is a branch of public international law consisting of those  substantive, procedural, and institutional rules which have as their primary objective the protection of  the environment. The term “environment” is understood as encompassing both creatures and  products of the natural world and those of human civilization
• Principle of Good Neighborliness - The principle of good neighborliness denotes the duty of states in view of not damaging the  environment.
• Precautionary Approach/Principle - The precautionary principle requires that, if there is a strong suspicion that a certain activity  may have environmentally harmful consequences, it is better to control that activity now rather  than to wait for incontrovertible scientific evidence.
• Polluter Pays Principle - This principle is that those who commence the act of pollution shall bear the cost of its management and prevention so that it does not harm the environment and human beings. The 1992  Rio Declaration has recognised the polluter pays principle. The primary arena of this principle is land,  air, and water. We all know how much greenhouse gases have affected our environment. This  principle can be applied to greenhouse gases.
• Principle of Sustainable Development - Sustainable development is an approach to economic planning that attempts to foster economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment for future generations.
• Environment Impact Assessment Principle - is a process having the ultimate objective of providing  decision-makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their actions. It is applied  internationally as a preventive environmental management tool to ensure that proposed actions are  economically viable, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable.
• Principle of Intergenerational Equity - describes fairness in access to and use of planetary resources across  time. It is founded on two types of relationships: the relationship between each generation and all  other generations—past, present, and future—as part of a community with equal rights to natural  resources and the relationship between the human community and the natural system, of which  humans are a part.
• Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility - is that the common aim of all states should be  protecting the environment, but having said that, certain states owing to their different ecological  systems, physical appearances, geographical features might have to take more responsibility than  other states.
• Principle of Non-Discrimination - Strong economic ties among nations would support global stability, peace, and prosperity. And  they believed that adherence to a common set of disciplines on government behavior as it relates to  trade would reap benefits for the members of their respective societies while enabling nations to  rebuild their economies. Today they are joined by a total of 164 Members (as of July 2016) in the  WTO, the institution under which the GATT was subsumed on January 1, 1995. 
• Strict Liability Theory - The adverse consequences of their lawful activities are relatively well developed at a general  level, and are also reflected in the Articles on State Responsibility adopted by the International Law  Commission (ILC) in 2001
• Test of Due Diligence - in the field of environmental protection. It provides a fine-grained analysis of the  main legal bases for the determination of due diligence in this field. It shows that the progressive 

  recognition of this duty has evolved hand in hand with the recognition of the need to protect the  environment.
• Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution - is a unique example of a  cooperative venture that brings together countries, regions and continents to implement effective  action for cleaner air. Recognizing that air pollution crosses boundaries, oceans and continents, the  Convention involves countries from Europe, Central Asia and North America.
• Social Stratification - is essentially the phenomenon of segregating, grouping, and ranking people  based on differences in class, race, economic status, and other categories.
• Perspectives in Global Stratification - There are various theories which attempt to explain the dynamics and impacts of stratification among  people in the world, especially in the context of their power to tap on resources and maximize these  toward development and toward having a better quality of life.
• Modernization Theory - this theory suggests that all societies undergo a similar process of  evolution-from agricultural, industrial, and urbanized and modern-that is motivated and catalyzed by  internal factors. It hints that more than external influences, internal processes within states are  responsible for social change.
• Dependency Theory - according to Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer (thus, Prebish- Singer  hypothesis), the dependency theories suggest that countries are either "core" (developed) or  "peripheral" (developing) such that resources tend to flow from peripherals to the core.
• World System - According to Wallerstein (1975), speaking about a world system composed of  boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. This world system is  assumed to "comprise a single capitalist world-economy" (Graf, 1980, p.29) so to speak.
• Global Divide - global disparities, often due to stratification due to differing economic affluence but  can also be in other aspects of globalization
• Cold War - a state of political tension and rivalry, from the mid-1940s to early 1990s.
• Western Bloc - comprised by the industrial/capitalist US and the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO),  which include United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy among others
• Eastern Bloc - (Albania, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Afghanistan), led  by the communist/socialist Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
• First World Countries - countries included in the Western Bloc
• Second World Countries - countries included in the Eastern Bloc
• Third World Countries - in the article of Sauvy titled Trois Mondes, Une Planète (Three Worlds, One  Planet) were he stated that Third World to the Third Estates are the French commoners-whose  suffering and upheaval led to the French revolution.