pup, entrance exam

• Science is a systematized body of knowledge acquired through research
• Branches of Science


  • Physical Sciences
  • Biological Sciences
  • Social Sciences
• Physical Sciences


  Study of nature and properties of the universe and all its contents
• Physical Sciences


  • Astronomy
  • Chemistry
  • Geology
  • Meteorology
  • Physics
• Biological Sciences


  Study of living organisms and life itself
• Biological Sciences


  • Botany
  • Zoology
• Social Sciences


  Study of humans as individuals, the human society and human interactions
• Social Sciences


  • Psychology
  • Sociology
• Scientific Method


  Systematic method of acquiring knowledge
• Steps of the Scientific Method

  • Making Observations
  • Stating the Problem
  • Forming the Hypothesis
  • Testing the Hypothesis
  • Conclusion
• Making Observations


  Make an observation using one's senses
• Stating the Problem


  Must be clear and specific, measurable and have an attainable solution, usually stated in question form
• Forming the Hypothesis


  Tentative solution or a prediction of the outcome, must be a clear and specific statement
• Testing the Hypothesis


  Implement the hypothesis under carefully considered conditions, use control and experimental setups for comparison, identify independent and dependent variables, identify controlled variables and manipulated variable
• Conclusion


  Results must be analyzed for validity, final answer to the problem, should always be true based on the analysis
• Kinds of Reasoning


  • Inductive Reasoning
  • Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning


  A conclusion is made based on repeated observation, basis of most experimental conclusions
• Deductive Reasoning


  A conclusion is made based on established principles and concepts, basis of most research conclusions
• Significant Figures


  Digits in a number that are considered important
• Rules on Determining Significant Figures

  • All nonzero digits are significant
  • Final zeros in the decimal place is significant
  • All zeroes in between significant figures are significant
  • Place holders are zeros that are NOT considered significant
• Scientific Notation


  Shorthand representation of numbers using powers of 10
• Converting to Scientific Notation

  1. Move the decimal point to obtain a number less than 10 but greater than or equal to 1

  2. Write "x 10" after the number

  3. Count the number of places that the decimal point was moved starting from its original position and use the number as the power of 10 (exponent)

  4. If the decimal point was moved to the left, the exponent is positive. Otherwise, it is negative
• Rounding Off


  Method of reducing the digits in a number while keeping its value similar
• Rules on Rounding Off

  • If the digit prior to the digit to be rounded off is less than 5, retain value and replace whole numbers on the right with zero
  • If the digit prior to the digit to be rounded off is greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to the digit being rounded off and replace all digits on its right with zero
• Equations


  Representation of the relationship between quantities
• Types of Relationships in Equations

  • Direct Relationship
  • Inverse Relationship
  • Power
  • Inverse Power
• Direct Relationship


  Variables A and X changes with the same proportion
• Inverse Relationship


  Variables B and X changes with inverse proportion
• Power


  Variable X changes in the same proportion as C but raised to the power n
• Inverse Power


  Variable X changes with inverse proportion as D but raised to the power m
• Fundamental Quantities


  • Length
  • Mass
  • Time
  • Temperature
  • Amount of substance
  • Electric Current
  • Luminous Intensity
• Fundamental Quantities


  Physical quantities that can be determined by using measuring devices
• Units of Fundamental Quantities

  • meter
  • kilogram
  • second
  • Kelvin
  • mole
  • Ampere
  • candela
• Derived Quantities


  Physical quantities that can be determined by calculating using fundamental quantities
• Systems of Measurement


  • English System
  • Metric System
• English System


  Evolved from the medieval systems of measurements, e.g. foot, pound, Rankine
• Metric System


  Based on multiples of 10, except for time, e.g. meter, gram, second, Kelvin
• Converting Units


  Multiply the given measurement by a conversion factor, which is a ratio of two measurements with different units that is equal to 1, to get the desired measurement
• Celsius and Fahrenheit


  Units of temperature that are used in different measuring devices and have different scales
• Celsius + 32 = Fahrenheit