Normality and maladaptive behaviour. Abnormal psychology.

• Abnormal psychology


  The study of atypical behaviors and psychopathology, encompassing various mental disorders
• Mental disorders


  • Can significantly impair an individual's functioning and well-being, often necessitating specialized treatment and intervention
• Neurodevelopmental disorders


  Conditions that typically emerge during early development and affect various aspects of cognitive and behavioral functioning
• Neurodevelopmental disorders


  • Intellectual disability
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Intellectual disability


  Encompasses limitations in intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning, ranging from mild to profound
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)


  Characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior
• Bipolar and related disorders


  Involve fluctuations in mood, encompassing manic or hypomanic episodes, as well as depressive episodes
• Bipolar disorders


  • Bipolar I disorder
  • Bipolar II disorder
• Bipolar I disorder


  Features manic episodes lasting at least one week or requiring hospitalization, often accompanied by depressive episodes
• Bipolar II disorder


  Entails hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes but no full-blown manic episodes
• Anxiety disorders


  Encompass excessive fear, worry, and avoidance behaviors
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)


  Involves chronic and uncontrollable worrying about various aspects of life
• Panic disorder


  Characterized by recurrent panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort
• Trauma and stressor-related disorders

  Stem from exposure to traumatic events
• Trauma and stressor-related disorders

  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • Acute stress disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)


  Involves persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and hyperarousal
• Acute stress disorder


  Similar to PTSD but occurs shortly after the traumatic event and lasts for a shorter duration
• Dissociative disorders


  Involve dissociation or interruption in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory
• Dissociative amnesia


  Entails a temporary loss of memory as a result of dissociation, often triggered by psychological trauma
• Dissociative identity disorder


  Involves the presence of two or more different identities or personalities, each with its own way of perceiving and interacting with the environment
• Depersonalization/derealization disorder


  Characterized by experiencing a sense of being outside of one's own body and being disconnected from reality
• Somatic symptom and related disorders


  Manifest as prominent physical symptoms that may lack a diagnosable medical cause
• Somatic symptom and related disorders

  • Somatic symptom disorder
  • Illness anxiety disorder
• Somatic symptom disorder


  Involves a preoccupation with physical symptoms, leading to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning
• Illness anxiety disorder


  Involves excessive worry about having an undiagnosed medical condition, despite reassurance from medical professionals
• Eating disorders


  Characterized by disruptive eating patterns and obsessive concerns about weight and body image
• Eating disorders


  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
• Anorexia nervosa


  Involves severe food restriction, leading to dangerously low body weight, along with intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image
• Bulimia nervosa


  Marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise
• Sleep-wake disorders


  Encompass disturbances in sleep patterns that cause distress or impair daytime functioning
• Sleep-wake disorders


  • Narcolepsy
  • Insomnia disorder
• Narcolepsy


  Involves sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day, along with symptoms like cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations
• Insomnia disorder


  Entails difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
• Personality disorders


  Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate significantly from cultural expectations, causing distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
• Personality disorder clusters


  • Cluster A (odd or eccentric)
  • Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic)
  • Cluster C (anxious or fearful)
• Cluster A personality disorders

  Include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
• Paranoid personality disorder


  Involves pervasive distrust and suspicion of others' motives, leading to interpersonal difficulties and a tendency to interpret benign remarks as malevolent
• Schizoid personality disorder


  Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression, with little desire for close relationships
• Schizotypal personality disorder


  Involves eccentric behavior, odd beliefs or magical thinking, and difficulties in forming close relationships
• Cluster B personality disorders

  Comprise antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders