Xerophyte

• Thick waxy cuticle (reduce evaporation), and rolled leaves (reduced air exposure and keeps the stomata on inside; increasing water vapour in the roll, and humid air around the stomata)
• Hairy leaves (hairs trap layer of saturated air) with reduced area (e.g. cactus needles reduces SA:V ratio, less area for evaporation); some plants lose their leaves when water is unavailable
• Sunken stomata (pits above it saturate to maintain humid air around stomata), stomatal hair (trichores) (also maintains humid air) and there is low stomata density (smaller surface area for diffusion)
• Extensive roots (maximise water uptake), succulents store water in specialised tissues in their stems and roots
• Increasing the water vapour around the stomata reduces the water potential gradient so slows water loss
• Marram Grass: Rolled leaves with sunken stomata inside, trichomes trap water vapour, and water evaporating via stomata collects in air trapped in the rolled leaf; reduces the Ψ gradient so reduces water loss from plant