(A-Level English Language) LANGUAGE CHANGE

• Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

  Most languages in europe and western Asia a derived from this parent language
• Reasons for language change

  Colonialism - borrowing language
• Reasons for language change

  Social media - technology and inter-culture communication
• Reasons for language change

  Migration - inter-culture communication
• Reasons for language change

  Education
• Reasons for language change

  Science- new words for discoveries and terms
• Reasons for language change

  Cultural change
• English first spoken in 400AD
• Morphemes: segments of words that have predefined meanings e.g. Bio, Manus, Audire
• Morphological Change: creating new words from old morphemes
• Neologisms: New words
• Compounding and Blending: adding two words together
• Affirmation and back formation: adding morphemes to words or taking away
• Functional conversion: when a word stays the same but it changes word class e.g. Google- noun and verb
• Abbreviation: shortening a word
• Compound words

  Do not consistently require a hyphen or space between words e.g. Teabag, Fire-Roasted, Carbon Footprint
• Blends

  Blends are similar to compound words but instead of adding bothered to each other, they are fused e.g. Fog+Smoke=Smog
• Back formation

  Removal of affixes to create a new word
• Affixes

  Prefixes + Suffixes
• Acronym

  Made up from initial letters of a phrase and pronounced as a word e.g. SCUBA
• Initialism

  A word made from initial letters and each letter is pronounced e.g. BBC
• Clipping

  new words produced by shortened existing words e.g. Obvs=Obviously