Models of Organizational Developmentt

• The purpose of OD is to improve the organization’s capacity to handle its internal and external functioning and relationships. 

  true
• What are the different models suggested by OD

  ACTION RESEARCH MODEL, LEWINS CHANGE MODEL, PLANNING MODEL
• WHAT INVOLVES ACTION RESEARCH MODEL

  IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM, INVITING A BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE EXPERT, GATHERING DATA, PROVIDING FEEDBACK
• LEWINS CHANGE MODEL

  · Unfreezing

  · Movement

  · Refreezing
• PLANNING MODEL

  · Scouting

  · Entry

  · Diagnosis

  · Planning

  · Action

  · Stabilization

  · Evaluation

  · Termination
• This first stage of change involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary. This would involve first breaking down the existing status quo before you can build up a new way of operating. LEWIS

  UNFREEZE
• The change stage follows the uncertainty created in the unfreeze stage. This is the stage where people begin to resolve their vagueness along with ambiguity and look for new ways to do things. LEWIS

  CHANGE
• The change stage follows the uncertainty created in the ----stage. This is the stage where people begin to resolve their vagueness along with ambiguity and look for new ways to do thiS

  REFREEZE
• "PLANNING MODEL:The most important objective of this stage is to find out the best points that need to be changed or from where the change should be initiated. The interrelationships among the different units of the system are quite important for choosing the proper point of entry. 

  SCOUTING
• The primary aim of this phase is moving forward in order to enhance the functioning of the system by altering the supposed complexity into precise problems. The elements in focus during this stage include available resources, supposed problems and the goals of the system. I

  DIAGNOSIS
• After the selection of entry point, a ‘contract’ is negotiated through the entry point. The purpose of ‘contract’ is to define if and interpret how the succeeding stages of the planned change process will be carried out.

  ENTRY
• ---- PHASE After the selection of entry point, a ‘contract’ is negotiated through the entry point. The purpose of ‘contract’ is to define if and interpret how the succeeding stages of the planned change process will be carried out.

  PLANNING
• During the action phase, the plan of ----developed in the planning phase is implemented. 

  ACTION
• (i) It is thoughtful to discuss and tentatively agree on the conditions of termination to avoid any kind of chaos later on. Of course, as the change strategy progresses these conditions will become clearer and may change also depending on the progress. There are two types of termination situations:

  · Enhancement of the organization’s capacity for achievement of similar goals in the future

  · Successful achievement of the goals as per the earlier plans

  TERMINATION
• Based on the objectives defined during the planning phase, the evaluation of the change strategy is carried out. It becomes advisable to evaluate the change against task sub-goals because that is an indicator to whether the change is progressing as intended or not.

  EVALUATION
• IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE FOUNDATION STONE

  ACTION RESEARCH MODEL
• 
  

  1. Comprehension of the problems that could be resolved with the help of organizational development

  2. OD may be initiated by someone holding a key position in the organization or by hiring a consultant

  3. Client and consultant start exploring the possibilities of a working relationship with one another

  Action Research
• Primary aspects assessed during the process

  • The amount of available resources
  • The possibility of relating with the client
  • The adaptability of the client towards the change
  • The client's values and motivation
  • The probable leverage points of change
• Entry Problem Identification


  This stage
• 1. At this step, the OD practitioner, often in conjunction with organization members collects preliminary data about the organization. This not only involves gathering appropriate information but goes on to analyse and establish the fundamental causes of problems in organizations. Basic methods of gathering data are interviews, process observation, questionnaires, and organizational performance data are used to collect the data.

  DIAGNOSIS
• After their preliminary contact, the client and the OD practitioner have analysed each other to the maximum limit. An open and collaborative atmosphere can be developed by sharing of frame of reference, assumptions and values by the organization and consultant.

  INVITING BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST
• The diagnostic data is sent back to the client. Members have the potential to establish the strengths and weaknesses of the organization or the department under study.

  FEEDBACK
• WHAT IS PERT?

  PROGRAMME EVALUATION AND REPORT TECHNIQUE
• THE PERT WAS INITIALLY CREATED BY?

  POLARIS submarine missile program
• GUBHJB HH
• PERT was used to complete a programme in a longest time

  false, shortest
• PERT is actually an activity oriented rather than ‘event-oriented technique’ 

  false, vice versa
• pert uses three different time estimate what are those?

  optimistic, pessimistic and most likely, 
•  Optimistic time is represented by ‘to.

  true
•  Generally, the lowest time possible to complete the activity, being an optimist, the estimator assumes that all the necessary resources will be available and all previous activities will be completed in estimated time as planned. 

  optimistic time estimate topt
• Most Likely Time Estimate (TLIKELY): It is represented by tL,

  true
• (a) and is the highest probable completion time for a particular task. This time is in between optimistic and pessimistic times. It is important to note here that this time is different from the expected time. Here the estimator expects that some sort of uncertainties may come across but most of the things will go right.

  mostlikely time estimate tlikely
• Pessimistic Time Estimate (TPESS): This is represented by tP

  true
• (a)  It is the highest possible time that an activity might require. Three standard deviations from the mean are usually used for the pessimistic time. In this case, it is being assumed that many things related to a particular activity will go wrong. While deriving this estimation a lot of rework and resource unavailability are assumed.

  pessimistic time estimate
• 1. What is one of the advantages of using PERT at various stages of project management?
  2. It helps in writing poetry
  3. B. It makes coffee for the team
  4. C. It is mathematically very complex
  5. D. It is useful at various stages of project management

  d
• 1. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of PERT?
  2. Providing critical path and slack time
  3. B. Making project documentation difficult
  4. C. Monitoring costs and resources
  5. D. Determining critical path activities

  b
• 1. What is a limitation of PERT related to activity time estimation?
  2. The estimation is always accurate
  3. B. The estimation depends on judicious decision-making
  4. C. The estimation is always objective
  5. D. The estimation is never necessary

  b
• 1. Which distribution does PERT take on for time estimates?
  2. Gamma distribution
  3. B. Poisson distribution
  4. C. Beta distribution
  5. D. Normal distribution

  c
• 1. What does PERT constantly underestimate?
  2. Project documentation
  3. B. Expected project completion time
  4. C. Number of coffee breaks
  5. D. Amount of resources required

  b
• 1. What is the second Millennium Development Goal?
  2. Reducing child mortality rates
  3. B. Achieving universal primary education
  4. C. Ensuring environmental sustainability
  5. D. Developing a global partnership for development

  b