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chemistry topic 2
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Cards (21)
Chromatography steps
1. Draw a pencil line on the paper
2. Put a spot of the mixture on the pencil line
3. Fill a beaker with solvent and allow it to touch the bottom of the paper below the pencil line
4. Solvent will move up the paper, dissolving chemicals in the mixture and carrying them up the paper
5. Chemicals separate out forming spots along the paper
6. Remove the paper before the solvent reaches the top and draw the solvent front
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Rf
value
Distance moved by
spot
/ distance moved by
solvent
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If substances have the same
Rf
values, they are probably the same
compound
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Pure
substance
A single
substance
with nothing else
mixed
into it
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Pure mixture
Two
or
more physically joined pure substances
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Pure substances
Have a
fixed melting point
and
boiling point
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Impure substances
Have a
range
of
melting
/
boiling
points
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Measuring melting point
1. Use
melting point
apparatus
2.
Heat
a
small sample
of
solid
3. Measure the
temperature
at which it
melts
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Potable
water
Drinkable
water
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Types of water
Ground
water
Surface
water
Waste
water
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Water purification
1.
Filtration
2.
Sedimentation
3.
Chlorination
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Distillation can make water
potable
but is
expensive
and
energy
intensive
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Deionised
water should be used for
water analysis
to avoid
false
results
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Combining separation techniques
Can be used to
analyse
the
composition
of an
ink
(e.g.
simple distillation
and
chromatography
)
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Ink
is a
mixture
of different
dyes
dissolved in a
solvent
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Analysing ink composition
1.
Simple distillation
to
evaporate
off the
solvent
2.
Paper chromatography
to separate out the different
dyes
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The
boiling point
of the
solvent
can be used to identify it
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Rf values of the dye spots can be compared to
reference values
to identify the dyes
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chromatography
separation
of
mixtures
of
soluble solids substances
by running a
solvent
across the
paper
which causes the
substances
to
move
at
diff rates
mobile phase
when the
solvent
allows the
substances molecules
to
move up
the
page
stationary phase
the
acc
paper, when the
molecules
cant
move
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