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Biology- A level AQA
Genetic information variation relationships between organism
DNA, genes and chromosomes
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DNA
is instructions for
protein synthesis
DNA
instructs the synthesis of both
structural
and functional proteins
Each set of
3 bases
/ nucleotides codes for
1 amino acid
DNA cannot leave the
nucleus
transcription-
the process of making another copy of
DNA
but in the form of RNA
DNA can be made into
mRNA
to be transported outside the
nucleus
mRNA-
messenger
RNA
tRNA-
transfer
RNA
rRNA-
ribosomal
RNA
tRNA
has
3
prongs that reads the 3 bases at the same time
if the tRNA reads the correct
anticodon
, it will release the
amino acid
it is carrying
if the tRNA does not read the
anticodon
that corresponds with its
amino acid
, it will move on
The script codes for the amino acid NOT the
mRNA
tRNA
is looking for the
complimentary bases
to the amino acid it is carrying
A
gene
is a sequence of
3 nucleotide bases
that come together to code for an amino acid
64
different
triplet codes
exist
Most amino acids have more than
1 triplet code
STOP codes
are the end of the coding for a
polypeptide
Introns
are part of the DNA that is
non-coding
Exons
are part of the
DNA
that are
coding
The genetic code is:
Degenerate
Non-overlapping
Universal
Diploid- a
full set
of
DNA
Haploid-
half a set of DNA, found in
sperm
and
egg
cells
DNA can also exists as
plasmids
and
circular
DNA
Plasmids
are small and circular, found in
bacteria
Circular DNA can be found in
chloroplasts
(cpDNA) and
mitochondria
(mtDNA)
mtDNA is always passed down from the
mother