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GEOG Exam 3
Earth Structure + Composition
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Cayden Clause
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Cards (32)
Earth's Structure
Core
Mantle
Lithosphere
Crust
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The
Geologic
Cycle
Rock Cycle—Igneous
,
Sedimentary
,
Metamorphic
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Plate Tectonics
Sea-Floor
Spreading
Subduction
Plate Boundaries
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Earth congealed from a
nebula
, ~
4.6
billion yrs
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Gravity sorted the
dust
,
gas
, (icy)
comets
into
concentric circles
with the
core
being the
heaviest
and the
crust
being the
lightest
View source
Core
1⁄6
of
volume
,
⅓
of
mass
Inner
core is
solid iron
Outer
core is
molten iron
Generates
magnetic field
that protects from
solar wind
/
cosmic
radiation
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Lower
&
Upper
Mantle
80
% earth's volume
Probably contain lots of
water
(in the crystalline structure)
Contains "
hot
spots
" like
Hawaii
& other
volcanic
chains
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Lithosphere
Uppermost
mantle
+
crust
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Crust
Oceanic =
5
km
Continental =
20–60
km
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Continental Crust
Granite
Crystalline
Low
density (
2.7
g/cm3)
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Oceanic Crust
Basalt
Granular
High density
(
3.0
g/cm3)
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Crust "
floats
" on
denser
layers below
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Geologic Cycle
1. Being formed by
endogenic
(internal) processes
2. Worn down by
exogenic
(external) processes
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Mineral
Inorganic
,
non-living
, natural compound with chemical formula & crystalline structure
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Rock
Assemblage of
minerals
,
mass
of a single mineral, or solid organic material
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The Rock Cycle
1.
Igneous
2.
Sedimentary
3.
Metamorphic
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Igneous
Rocks
Solidify
from
cooling
magma or lava
Magma
is molten rock beneath the surface (
intrusive
)
Lava
is molten rock at the surface (
extrusive
)
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Intrusive
Igneous Rocks
Slower
cooling leads to
larger
crystals
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Extrusive
Igneous Rocks
Faster
cooling leads to
smaller
crystals
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Sedimentary
Rocks
Formed from the
cementation
,
compaction
, and
hardening
of
sediments
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Sedimentary
Rocks
Sandstone
Shale
Limestone
Coal
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Metamorphic
Rocks
Formed from the
physical
and
chemical
transformation
of
igneous
or
sedimentary
rocks due to extreme
pressure
and
heat
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Metamorphic Rocks
Gneiss
Slate
Marble
Quartzite
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Plate Tectonics
Changes in the
configuration
of the earth's crust due to
internal
forces
Upwelling
of
magma
Sea-floor
spreading
and
subduction
Plate
movements
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Continental
Drift Theory
Proposed by
Alfred Wegener
in the early
1900s
Suggested there was once a single "
super continent
" called
Pangaea
that floated on the oceanic crust
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Evidence of Continental Drift
Continents
fit
together
like a jigsaw puzzle
Fossils
match
across oceans
Rock
types and
mountain
ranges
match
across oceans
Climate
Evidence
(
Glacial
Deposits)
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Plate Boundaries
Spreading
boundary - crust is being
pulled
apart
Converging
boundary - one plate is
subducted
beneath
another
Transform
boundary - two plates
glide
adjacent
to each other
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Divergent
Plate Boundary
New crust being
created
, most associated with
mid-ocean ridges
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Convergent
Plate Boundary
Continental
and
oceanic
crust
collides
, produces
subduction
zones,
trenches
,
volcanoes
(mountains), zones of compression and
crustal
loss
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Transform
Plate Boundary
Plates
slide
past
one another, rock of different types and ages may be found on opposite sides of the boundary
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Hot Spots
Areas on Earth that exist
over
a
mantle plume
,
upwelling
material from the
mantle
, occur beneath both
continental
and
oceanic
crust, some are
fixed
, others
move
View source
Plates move
1-10
centimeters
per
year
(≈ rate of fingernail growth)
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