Unit 1

• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and function of the body and its parts
• The aims of this introduction to anatomy are to examine how anatomical knowledge was acquired historically, define anatomy and its subdisciplines, and appreciate the origins and provisions of the Anatomy Act of 1832
• Types of medicine


  • Modern medicine
  • Kinds of medicine
  • Examples
• Kinds of medicine


  • Funerary stele of an Athenian physician called Jason
  • Constantine the African (c. 1020- d. before 1099)
  • Claude Bernard (1813–1878)
• The categories of modern medicine overlap
• Aspects of 'modernity' in medicine

  • Laboratory
  • Community
  • Hospital
• Developed during the 19th century
• Settings of modern medicine

  • Bedside
  • Library
  • Hospital
  • Community
  • Laboratory
• Objects of inquiry in modern medicine


  • Whole patient
  • Text
  • Patient, organ
  • Population, statistics
  • Animal model
• Goals of modern medicine

  • Therapy
  • Preservation, recovery, commentary
  • Diagnosis
  • Prevent
  • Understand
• Figures in the history of anatomy

  • Rene Laennec (1781–1826)
  • Fumigating Smythen Street, Exeter 1832
• Early anatomical knowledge


  • Persia and Babylonia (1800BC)
  • Egyptian papyrus (1600BC)
  • Heart and vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder were recognized
  • Blood vessels were known to come from the heart
  • Mummification
  • Ptolemy I (circa 300BC)
  • Burning of Alexandria in 389 AD
  • Babylonian sheep liver model (1800BC)
  • Mayan sculpture 300-600BC
• Revival of human dissection in the Renaissance

  1. Early 14th century that human dissection was revived as a tool for teaching anatomy in Bologna, Italy after a gap of over 1,700 years

  2. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was an apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio and completed 240 detailed drawings and wrote a 13,000 word treatise, published 161 years after his death

  3. Leonardo dissected 30 male and female corpses of different ages and was the first to draw the human appendix and the lungs, mesentery, urinary tract, reproductive organs
• Andreas Vesalius


  Founder of modern anatomy, published "De humani corporis fabrica" (On the working of the human body), conducted extensive dissections, made objective observations, obtained his doctorate at the University of Padua, refuted the anatomical observations of Galen
• William Harvey, Doctor of Medicine at Padua on April 25th 1602, provided detailed description of systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart, dissected his deceased father and sister
• The Resurrectionists


  Obtained information from gravediggers, undertakers, local officials and obituaries, were typically students, anatomists or gangs, surveyed the area during the day, targeted remote graveyards, meticulously documented the grave before digging, used a canvas to collect the dirt, wooden spade was used to make a small hole at the head end of the grave, body was hoisted out, then stripped of its clothing, tied up, and placed into a sack, took 30min to 1 hour
• The Murder Act 1752 stated that any sentenced murderer should be executed two days after sentencing
• In 1827-1828 in Scotland, Burke and Hare "burked" (purposefully smothered and compressed the chest of) 16 people
• Dr Robert Knox (Edinburgh University) received bodies from Burke and Hare
• The 1832 Anatomy act passed by British parliament provided legal access to corpses that were unclaimed after death – of those who had died in hospital, prison, or a workhouse
• Burke was hanged, and his skeleton is exhibited at Edinburgh University
• Up the close and down the stair,

  But and Ben with Burke and Hare.

  Burke's the butcher, Hare's the thief,

  Knox, the boy who buys the beef.: '(19th-century Edinburgh jumping-rope rhyme)'
• Further reading


  • http://morbidanatomy.blogspot.co.uk/
  • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/dreamanatomy/index.html
  • Bynum W. (2008) The History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Gareth JD, Whitaker MI. Anatomy's use of unclaimed bodies. Clin Anat 2012;25(2):246–254.
  • Hildebrandt S. Capital punishment and anatomy: history and ethics of an ongoing association. Clin Anat 2008;21(1):5-14.
  • Pringle H. Anatomy. Confronting anatomy's Nazi past. Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):274-5.
• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and function of the body and its parts
• Dr Albertina Shatri


  • MSc
  • PhD RF
• OFFICE No: 067
• Cell


  The basic structural and functional unit of an organism
• Concepts of the Cell theory

  • 4 concepts
• Cell size


  Uniqueness of cell sizes
• Cytology is the branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology and life history of cells
• Cells are microscopic structural and functional unit of an organism
• Cells are so small

  Their surface area and volume can be proportional to each other
• Proportional surface area and volume

  Helps with the efficiency of the cell's absorption and waste expulsion processes
• Small cell size


  Enables fast communication from the nucleus to other organelles and the cell can be regulation
• Small cell size


  Enables easy diffusion of materials
• Significance of small cell size

  Enables efficient absorption, waste expulsion, fast communication, and easy diffusion
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek


  Dutch scientist, discovered a microscope in 1676, first microbiologist, observed animalcules
• Robert Hooke 1665


  English scientist, first person to see a cell (discover), using a simple compound microscope, observed piece of cork, called a structure he saw a cell
• Matthias Scleiden


  German Botanist, concluded that all plants have cells
• Theodore Schwann


  German physiologist, observed an animal tissue, concluded that animals are also composed of cells