Types of Microscope

• Brightfield: Dark appearance of the specimen image against a brighter background.
• Darkfield: bright specimen image against a dark or black background.
• Polarized Light: Anisotropic or birefringent substances such as crystals, fibers, bones, or minerals can be identified based on their effects on polarized light.
• Polarized light microscopy identifies what type of substances?

  anisotropic or birefringent substances
• Give 4 examples of anisotropic or birefringent substances?

  crystals, fibers, bones, and minerals
• In converting Hoffman modulation to a brightfield microscope, what are the 3 modifications needed?

  Special slit aperture, polarizer, and special amplitude filter or modulator
• The special slit aperture is placed below what?

  condenser
• The polarizer is placed below what?

  The special slit aperture
• What is the purpose of adding a polarizer?

  to control contrast
• The special amplitude filter or modulator is placed where?

  At the back of each objective lenses
• Phase contrast: variations in refractive index are converted into variations in light intensity or contrast.
• Variations in refractive index is converted to what?

  variations in light intensity or contrast
• Differential interference contrast microscopy: Intensity differences in the specimen image are attained through the use of birefringent crystal prisms as beam splitters.
• Intensity differences in the specimen image are attained through the use of what?

  Birefringent crystal prisms as beam splitters