Reading and Writing

• Hypertext


  A non-linear way of presenting information
• Hypertext


  • Text is presented in a semantic network with multiple related sections connected
  • Permits reader to choose a path through the text most relevant to their interests
  • Provides additional control and flexibility to the reader compared to linear text
• Intertext


  The shaping of a text's meaning by another text
• Intertextual figures


  • Allusion
  • Quotation
  • Translation
  • Pastiche
  • Parody
• Sample intertextuality


  • The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis adapting the Christ's crucifixion
• Pastiche


  A literary piece that imitates another famous literary work of another writer with the purpose of honoring it and not mocking it
• Examples of Pastiche


  • Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard
  • The Traveler by Dave McClure
• Comparison of Pastiche


  • The Traveler by Dave McClure
  • The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
• Allusion


  An indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance
• Examples of Allusion


  • Don't act like Romeo in front of her
  • The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes
  • Romeo and Juliet story and Love Story of Taylor Swift
• Parody


  An imitation of a particular writer, artist or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect
• Calque


  A loan translation where the internal structure of a borrowed word or phrase is maintained but its morphemes are replaced by those of the native language
• Examples of Calque


  • Latin: agenda, index, memorandum
  • German: angst, blitz, bratwurst
  • French: accident, chef, fierce
  • Italian: concerto, pizza, scenario
  • Japanese: bonsai, haiku, karaoke
• Other intertextual techniques


  • Quotation
  • Translations
  • Imitations of another writing style
  • Citations and references
• Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare


  • Example of intertextual poem
• Communication is too often taken for granted when it should be taken to pieces
• Horizontal intertextual relations


  Relations between primary texts that are more or less explicitly linked
• Vertical intertextual relations


  Relation between a primary text and other texts of a different type that refer to it (secondary and tertiary texts)
• Secondary texts


  Texts like publicity, journalistic features, criticism that refer to a primary text
• Tertiary texts


  Texts produced by viewers/readers themselves like letters, gossip, conversation that refer to a primary text
• The majority of the function of intertextuality is to shape the meaning of a text
• "Communication is too often taken for granted when

  it should be taken to pieces.": '-John Fiske'
• Horizontal intertextuality


  Relations between primary texts that are more or less explicitly linked
• Vertical intertextuality


  Relation between a primary text and other texts of a different type that refer to it (secondary and tertiary texts)
• Secondary texts


  e.g., publicity, journalistic features, criticism
• Tertiary texts


  Produced by viewers themselves – e.g., letters, gossip, conversation
• Majority of the writers borrow ideas from the previous works to give a layer of meanings to their works
• When readers read the new text with reflection of another literary work, all related assumptions, effects and ideas of other text provide them a different meaning and changes the technique of interpretation of the original piece
• Intertextuality allows writers to open new perspectives and possibilities to construct their story
• Writers may explore a particular ideology in their narrative by discussing recent rhetoric in the original text
• Hypertext


  A way of representing text about a topic where other topics can be linked
• Intertext


  Putting a text in relation to another text
• The difference between hypertext and intertext is that hypertext makes use of hyperlinks while intertext doesn't
• Parody


  Imitating a writer, artist, subject or genre to make fun on the original work
• Reading is an active process that can enhance the state of mind
• Do not spend time doing things that are unnecessary, instead focus on the things that make you happy
• The past should not define who you are today, just be yourself no matter what others say
• Translating a song into another language without compromising its melody