Cytoplasm

• What houses the different types of organelles?

  Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is divided into what?

  Cytosol and organelles
• Cytosol: water component
• Cytoplasm: contents of cells between the PLASMA MEMBRANE and NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• Cytoplasm: responsible for many cellular processes
• Cytosol: VISCOUS FLUID medium with dissolved SOLUTES
• Cytosol: Provides SUPPORT for organelles; serves as the viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs.
• Organelles: Membrane-bound and nonmembrane-bound structures
• Organelles: Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Extensive interconnected membrane network that VARIES IN SHAPE; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: modifies, transports, and stores PROTEINS produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted, become components of the plasma membrane OR serve as enzymes of LYSOSOMES
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Extensive interconnected membrane network LACKING ribosomes
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesizes, transport, and stores LIPIDS; metabolizes CARBOHYDRATES; DETOXIFIES drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms VESICLES and PERIXISOMES.
• Golgi apparatus: series of several ELONGATED, flattened saclike membranes structures.
• Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms secretory vesicles and LYSOSOMES.
• Vesicles: Spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs; contain various types of materials to be transported through the cell.
• Vesicles: transport cellular material
• Lysosomes: spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the GOLGI apparatus; contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
• Lysosomes: DIGEST microbes or materials
• Peroxisomes: smaller, spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles found from the ER or through FISSION; contain OXIDATIVE ENZYMES.
• Peroxisomes: Detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell; engage in BETA OXIDATION of fatty acids to ACETYL CoA
• Mitochondria: double membrane-bound organelles containing a CIRCULAR STRAND of DNA
• What is responsible for producing mitochondrial proteins?

  circular strand of DNA
• Mitochondria: Synthesize most ATP during AEROBIC cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen.
• Ribosomes: organelles composed of both PROTEIN and RIBOSOMAL RNA that are organized into both a large and small subunit; may be bound to a membrane or free in cytosol.
• Ribosomes: engage in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Bound ribosomes: produces proteins that are secreted and incorporated into the PLASMA MEMBRANE and within LYSOSOME.
• Free ribosomes: produce proteins used WITHIN the cell.
• Cytoskeleton: organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
• Cytoskeleton: maintain intracellular structural support and organization of cells; participates in cell division; facilitates movement
• Microfilaments: ACTIN PROTEIN monomers organized into TWO THIN, intertwined protein filaments.
• Microfilaments: MAINTAIN CELL SHAPE; support microvilli; separate 2 cells during cytokinesis; facilitate change in cell shape; participate in MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
• Intermediate filaments: Various protein components
• Intermediate filaments: Provide structural support and stabilize junctions between cells
• Microtubules: Hollow cylinders composed of TUBULIN protein
• Microtubules: Maintain cell shape and RIGIDITY; organize and MOVE Organelles; support CILIA and FLAGELLA; participate in vesicular transport. Separate chromosomes during the process of cell division.
• Centrosome: Amorphous region ADJACENT to nucleus; contains a pair of CENTRIOLES
• Centrosome: organizes MICROTUBULES; participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division.
• PROTEASOMES: Large, BARREL-SHAPED proteins complexes located in both the cytosol and nucleus
• PROTEOSOMES: degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins.