MEMORY

• learning


  acquisition of the information that makes this possible
• memory


  is the retention and storage of that information
• explicit or declarative memory


  associated with consciousness, or at least awareness
• explicit or declarative memory


  dependent on the hippocampus and other parts of the medial temporal lobes of the brain for its retention.
• implicit or nondeclarative memory


  does not involve awareness
• implicit or nondeclarative memory


  retention does not usually involve processing in the hippocampus
• explicit memory


  factual knowledge about people, places, and things
• semantic memory


  facts like words, rules, and language
• episodic memory


  events
• implicit memory


  training reflexive motor or perceptual skills
• facilitation of the recognition of words or objects by prior exposure to them and is dependent on the neocortex

  priming
• procedural memory


  skills and habits, which, once acquired, become unconscious and automatic
• procedural memory is process in the

  striatum
• associative learning 


  relates to classical and operant conditioning, one learns about the relationship between one stimulus and another.
• associative learning


  dependent on the amygdala: emotional responses and cerebellum:motor responses.
• non associative learning


  includes habituation and sensitization
• non associative learning


  dependent on various reflex pathways.
• short-term memory


  lasts seconds to hours, during which processing in the hippocampus and elsewhere lays down long-term changes in synaptic strength
• short-term memory

  memory traces are subject to disruption by trauma and various drug
• working memory


  form of short-term memory that keeps information available, usually for very short periods of time, while the individual plans action based on it.
• long-term memory


  stores memories for years and sometimes for life
• long-term memory


  traces are remarkably resistant to disruption
• post tetanic potentiation


  production of enhanced postsynaptic potentials in response to stimulation
• post tetanic potentiation lasts up to 60 s and occurs after a brief tetanizing train of stimuli in the presynaptic neuron.
• post tetanic potentiation causes Ca2+ to accumulate in the presynaptic neuron to such a degree that the intracellular binding sites that keep cytoplasmic Ca2+ low are overwhelmed
• habituation


  simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times
• habituation associated with decreased release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal because of decreased intracellular Ca2+.
• habituation is due to a gradual inactivation of Ca2+ channels.
• habituation can be short term, or it can be prolonged if exposure to the benign stimulus is repeated many times.
• Habituation is a classic example of nonassociative learning
• neurogenesis


  process by which new neurons are formed in the brain.
• neurogenesis is crucial when an embryo is developing, but also continues in certain brain regions after birth and throughout our lifespan.
• new neurons form from stem cells throughout life in at least two areas:

  the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus
• conditioned reflex


  reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.
• long-term memories are stored in parts of the neocortex
• Once long-term memories have been established, they can be recalled or accessed by many different associations.
• strangeness & familiarity


  Stimulation of some parts of the temporal lobes
• deja vu phenomenon


  inappropriate feeling of familiarity with new events or in new surroundings
• recognition of faces

  goes to the inferior temporal lobe, where representations of objects, particularly faces, are stored
• Storage and recognition of faces is more strongly represented in the right inferior temporal lobe in right-handed individuals, though the left lobe is also active