R&W

• Clause


  Groups of words with a subject and a verb
• Clause


  • Can be distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb
• Two main types of clauses

  • Independent
  • Dependent
• Independent clause


  Can stand alone because they express complete thoughts
• Independent clause


  • The sun rises in the east.
  • Warm brownies taste delicious!
  • I drink coffee.
• Dependent clause


  Also known as subordinate clause, can't stand alone because they don't express complete thoughts
• Dependent clause


  • since I drink coffee
  • whenever the sun rises
  • because I love stories
• Three types of subordinate clause

  • Adjective clause
  • Adverb clause
  • Noun clause
• Adjective clause


  Dependent clause that functions as an adjective, often introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs
• Adjective clause


  • The tiger that was angry snarled at me.
• Adverb clause


  Dependent clause that functions as an adverb, introduced by subordinating conjunctions
• Adverb clause


  • I will eat my broccoli after I eat this cookie.
• Noun clause


  Dependent clause that functions as a noun
• Noun clause


  • Whatever you want is fine with me.
• Kinds of sentences according to function

  • Declarative
  • Imperative
  • Interrogative
  • Exclamatory
• Declarative sentence


  Makes a statement and ends with a period
• Declarative sentence


  • I like sleeping.
  • Yesterday, I slept through my alarm.
• Imperative sentence


  Gives a command, usually ends with a period or exclamation point
• Imperative sentence


  • Please pass the salt.
  • Get out of my way!
• Interrogative sentence


  Asks a question, always ends with a question mark
• Interrogative sentence


  • Where are the brownies?
  • Did you buy eggs today?
• Exclamatory sentence


  Indicates a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark
• Exclamatory sentence


  • Jeepers! You scared the life out of me!
  • How beautiful the budding trees are this spring!
• Kinds of sentences according to structure

  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Complex
  • Compound-Complex
• Simple sentence


  Contains only one independent clause and expresses one main idea
• Simple sentence


  • Maria loves limes.
  • A day without sunshine is like night.
  • I love the Philippines.
• Compound sentence


  Made up of at least two independent clauses, connected by a comma and coordinating conjunction or a semicolon
• Compound sentence


  • The ducks quacked, and the chicks peeped.
  • He didn't want to go to the dentist, yet he went anyway.
  • I really want to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
• Coordinating conjunctions


  Words that glue together similar words, phrases, or clauses, giving equal emphasis to two main clauses
• Coordinating conjunctions


  • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
• Complex sentence


  Has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause, combined using a subordinating conjunction
• Complex sentence


  • Nathan ate pancakes while he read the newspaper.
  • Whenever he sees a pretty sunset, Nathan wants to visit the beach.
  • When she was younger, she believed in fairy tales.
• Subordinating conjunctions


  • after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whereas, wherever, whether, which, while
• Compound-Complex sentence


  Made up of a compound sentence and a complex sentence, has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause
• Compound-Complex sentence


  • I would have purchased the dress that you like, but it was too expensive.
  • Rachelle explained how cookies are made, and we practiced her techniques at home.
  • We had a party because we had lots of cookies, and our guests ate the yummy treats.
• Generalization


  A broad statement or an idea that applies to a group of people or things
• Generalizations are not entirely true because there may be examples of individuals or situations wherein the generalization does not apply
• Generalization


  A broad statement about what a group of people or things have in common
• Clue words to help find generalizations

  • all
  • none
  • most
  • many
  • always
  • everyone
  • never
  • sometimes
  • some
  • usually
  • seldom
  • few
  • generally
  • in general
  • overall
• Using these clue words generally shows bad generalizations and it is usually a faulty generalization