cardio-Respiratory system

• trachea: carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs
• lungs: pair of lungs, spongy organs optimised for gas exchange between our blood and the air
• bronchi: carry air from the trachea into the lungs
• bronchioles: carry air from the bronchi to the alveoi
• alveoli: many tiny air sacs in the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
• haemoglobin: the red pigment found in red blood cells
• oxyhaemoglobin: formed when oxygen combines with haemoglobin
• inspiration: the intake of air into the lungs
• expiration: the expulsion of air from the lungs
• pectoral and sternocleidomastoid muscles: help increase the size of the chest cavity, allowing more air to enter during inspiration
• Abdominal muscles: which help force air out of the lungs and speed up expiration
• tidal volume: the volume of air breathed in or out during a normal breath
• inspiratory reserve volume: the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
• expiratory reserve volume: the additional air that can be exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
• residual volume: the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
• artery: blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart
• vasoconstriction: reducing the diameter of the arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues
• vasodilation: increasing the diameter of the arteries to increase blood flow to tissues
• capillaries: very thin blood vessels that allow gas exchange to happen
• vein: blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart
• atria: upper chambers of the heart of the heart that collect blood from veins
• ventricles: lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out of the heart to the arteries
• cardiac cycle: sequence of events that happens when the heart beats
• diastole: term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
• systole: term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
• cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume