Memory

• What did Baddeley's study show about coding?


  The STM codes acoustically and LTM codes semantically
• What were the results of Baddeley's coding study


  PPS with acoustically similar words were behind the control group but quickly caught up but PPS with semantically similar words never caught up
• What did Jacobs digit-span study show about the capacity of memory?


  STM has a capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 items
• What did Miller suggest about capacity?


  We can recall information better if we chunk it together
• What did Peterson and Peterson's trigram study show about the duration of STM?


  STM has a duration of around 18 seconds
• What were the results of Peterson and Peterson's trigram study?


  After 3 seconds 80% of PPS could recall the trigram, after 10 seconds 50% and after 18 less than 10%
• What are the types of LTM?


  Episodic, procedural and semantic
• What part of the brain is episodic and semantic LTM associated with?


  Hippocampus
• What is semantic LTM?


  Consciously recalled information based on facts, knowledge and thoughts
• What is believed about semantic and episodic memories?


  Sematic memories become episodic memories as we acquire knowledge based on personal experiences
• What is procedural LTM?


  Unconsciously recalled information based on skills
• What is episodic LTM?


  Consciously recalled information based of events that is determined by time, place and emotions
• What part of the brain is procedural LTM associated with?


  The cerebellum
• Who studied the duration of LTM?


  Bharick et al
• What tests did Bharick's yearbook consist of?


  Free recall test, Photo recognition test and name-recognition test
• What are the 3 main sections of the multi-store memory model?

  Sensory register, STM and LTM
• What are the main 5 sections of the working memory model?


  Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer and LTM
• What is the central executive?


  A key concept that controls the 'slave components'
• What type of capacity do of all competes but LTM of the WMM have?


  limited capacity
• What are the to sections in the phonological loop?


  Phonological store and articulatory control process
• What does the phonological loop do?


  It temporarily stores and processes auditory information
• What does the articulatory process do?


  Circulates information in a loop
• What does the phonological store do?


  Holds auditory information for 1-2 seconds
• What does the visuospatial sketchpad do?


  Processes visual and spatial information
• What does the episodic buffer do?


  Stores and integrates information from other components into the LTM
• Why does Clive Wearing's case study support the MSMM?


  Due to an illness Clive's STM was impaired but his LTM was intact
• What is a disadvantage of the MSMM?


  It ignores the types of LTM
• Why does KF's case study support the WMM?


  Due to an accident KF couldn't recall visual information yet could recall verbal information
• What is a disadvantage of the WMM?


  The central executive isn't described and is to simple
• What is retroactive interference?


  When new memory interferes with old memory
• What is proactive interference? 


  When prior memory interferes with new memory
• What is retrieval failure?


  Forgetting due to a lack of the right cue
• What is cue dependant learning?


  Memory retrieval is more efficient when the PPS is in the same place or emotional state
• Who studies misleading information and leading questions? 


  Loftus and Palmer
• What did Loftus and Palmer's study show?


  PPS who were questioned using a violent verb reported higher speeds and broken glass at the scene
• Who studies post-event discussion?

  Shaw et al
• What were the results of Shaw's study?


  When pps were questioned after being in a group interview with an actor the accuracy of recall fell then the actor gave inaccurate information
• Who studied anxiety and recall?


  Johnson and Scott
• What were the results of Johnson and Scott's study?


  PPS in a simulation with a bloody knife had less accurate recall than those in the simulation with a greasy pen
• What is Yerkes and Dodson's law?


  There is not a simple relationship between the accuracy of recall and anxiety