B7

Created by

Nat(:

Cards (38)

Where is the pituitary gland?
the brain
where is the thyroid gland?
throat
where is the pancreas?
stomach
Where is the adrenal gland?
kidneys
What does the pituitary gland release?
ACTH/ISH/LH/growth hormone
what does the thyroid gland release?
thyroxine
where is insulin produced?
pancreas
what does the adrenal gland release?
adrenaline
pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries, pancreas, testes are all what type of gland?
endocrine gland
adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for fight or flight, what effects does adrenaline have on the body?
increases heart rate/increases blood pressure/increases blood flow to muscles/raises blood sugar levels
what happens in the first stage of the menstrual cycle? (1-5)
the period- the uterus lining breaks down and the unfertilized egg is lost
what happens in the second stage of the menstrual cycle? (6-12)
the lining of the uterus begins to build up again and the eggs start to mature in the ovaries.
what happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle? (14-15)
ovulation- egg cell released from ovary
what happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle? (16-28)
the uterus lining continues to thicken, if the egg isn't fertilized then the cycle begins again.
what day of the menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile?
16
how does the hormonal contraception influence the menstrual cycle and prevent pregnancy?
it releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens mucus at the cervix, making it harder for sperm cells to pass through.
how is the diaphragm/cap used to prevent pregnancy
it is placed over the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus
what is clomifene? 
a drug that helps increase concentration of FSH and LH in the blood.
what is homeostasis? 
controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels.
explain the importance of homeostasis
the cells in the body need to be surrounded by the correct concentration of substances in order for the body to function properly
what are the factors that need to be considered about homeostasis?
water concentration/salt concentration/glucose concentration/temperature
how does insulin control blood glucose concentration?
insulin converts glucose to glycogen to be released into the blood, raising the blood glucose concentration
how does glycogen regulate glucose blood glucose concentration?
glucagon converts glycogen to glucose to be released into the blood, raising the blood glucose concentration.
what causes type 1 diabetes?
pancreatic cells that should produce insulin don't so the body doesn't recognise these cells and the immune system destroys these cells, so no glucose is not taken into cells. therefore blood glucose levels are too high
how is type 1 diabetes treated?
insulin is injected into the fat layer below the skin where it can enter the blood.
what is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
bad lifestyle
what are the two different complications of type 2 diabetes?
the body produces too little insulin/target organs don't respond to the insulin properly.
how is moderate type 2 diabetes treated? 
exercise and diet management.
how is severe type 2 diabetes treated?
medication
what is the equation to work out BMI 
mass (kg) / height (M)^2
what is the equation for waist:hip ratio?
waist/hip
What does oestrogen do?
thickens the uterus lining
what does progesterone do?
maintains the uterus lining
7.1 Describe where hormones are produced and how they are transported from endocrine glands to their target organs, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes 
hormonal system uses chemical messengers (hormones) which are carried by the blood and so take time to get around the body. consists of endocrine glands that produce and release hormones

adrenalin - kidneys, adrenal gland
testosterone - testes
growth - brain, pituitary gland
thyroxine - throat, thyroid gland
insulin and glucagon - pancreas
oestrogen and progesterone - ovaries
7.2 Explain facts about adrenalin 
adrenalin is produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for fight or flight and do a range of things, including =

increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, raised blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to change glycogen into glucose which provide additional glucose for respiration
7.3 Explain how thyroxine controls metabolic rate as an example of negative feedback, including:
metabolic rate - rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body

thyroxine causes heart cells to contract more rapidly and strongly and also increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down inside cells

negative feedback because an increase in thyroxine concentration directly causes changes that bring about a decrease in the amount of thyroxine released into the blood, and vice versa
what happens during this negative feedback
low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus

this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland

TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine

when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH
7.5 Explain the interactions of oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH in the control of the menstrual cycle, including the repair and maintenance of the uterus wall, ovulation and menstruation
FSH is released from the PITUITARY GLAND. This causes a follicle in the OVARY to MATURE.As the follicle MATURES, it secretes OESTROGEN, INHIBITING FSH. This causes the endometrium to begin thickening.
A HIGH OESTROGEN CONCENTRATION causes in a SURGE OF LH from the PITUITARY GLAND. This stimulates OVULATION (the egg is released).
The RUPTURED FOLLICLE becomes a CORPUS LUTEUM secreting PROGESTERONE (causing further thickening.)
PROGESTERONE INHIBITS FSH + LH.
If the egg isn't fertilised, the corpus luteum BREAKS DOWN + PROGESTERONE LEVELS FALL, triggering MENSTURATION.FSH is no longer inhibited so is released again.