GEOGRAPHY

• Freeze-thaw weathering


  When a rock has crevices it fills with water and when the water eventually freezes the frozen water expands the crack wider, and then the rock eventually breaks into several pieces
• Plucking


  The removal of entire chunks of rock. Glaciers can shape landscapes through erosion, or the plucking of rocks and sediment
• Abrasion


  A process of erosion which occurs when the material being transferred wears away at the surface over time. It is the process of friction caused by scuffing, scratching and wearing down of materials
• Formation of sandbanks


  Sandbanks generally form from tidal flows through straits, past headlands and islands, where the currents are rapid. At the ends of these features, the currents decrease, and sediment deposition occurs
• V-shaped valley formation

  Rivers begin high up in the mountains so they flow quickly downhill eroding the landscape vertically. The river cuts a deep notch down into the landscape using hydraulic action, when the sheer force of the water gets into small cracks and breaks down the sides of the river valley
• U-shaped valleys are the result of glaciers moving downhill and 'scouring' the earth with friction as gravity pulls the glacier from the top of an elevated area to the bottom. The huge size and heavy weight of the glacier create a thick, slush-like layer of ice and water beneath the ice mass.
• Corrie formation


  1. Snow gathers in mountain hollows

  2. Snow builds up and compacts to ice

  3. Ice moves downhill and sticks to the back wall

  4. Ice plucks rocks from the surface, steepening them

  5. Freeze-thaw action loosens rocks on the back wall

  6. Ice moving with loose rock acts like sandpaper and deepens the hollow by abrasion

  7. Ice in a corrie has a rotational movement

  8. The front of the corrie is less eroded and a lip forms

  9. The glacier melts, often leaving a tarn/corrie loch
• Arête


  A knife-edge ridge formed when two corries run back to back
• Arête formation


  1. Glaciers erode either side of the ridge

  2. The edge becomes steeper

  3. The ridge becomes narrower
• Pyramidal peak formation


  1. Three or more corries and arêtes meet

  2. Glaciers erode backwards towards each other

  3. Glaciers carve out the rocks by plucking and abrasion

  4. Freeze-thaw weathers the top of the mountain

  5. A sharply pointed peak is created
• Conflict 1: Tourists vs Farmers

  
  

  1. Walkers leave gates open

  2. Dogs chase sheep

  3. Stone walls are damaged

  4. Farmers may restrict access to walkers at certain times

  5. Noise disturbs animals
• Solutions to Conflict 1: Tourists vs Farmers

  
  

  1. Farmers display 'keep gate closed' signs

  2. Park rangers employed to encourage responsible tourism

  3. National Trust protects areas by buying land and maintaining walls/paths

  4. Park rangers liaise with land users to minimise problems

  5. Visitor centre staff educate public about 'Outdoor Access Code'
• Conflict 2: Tourists vs Locals

  1. Increased litter

  2. Traffic congestion impedes locals

  3. Footpath erosion causes visual pollution

  4. More noise and air pollution

  5. Services may close due to second home owners
• Solutions to Conflict 2: Tourists vs Locals

  1. National Parks remove litter bins to encourage people to take litter home

  2. One-way systems, pedestrianised areas and improved public transport introduced

  3. National Park officers build stone paths and put up signs to reduce footpath erosion

  4. Rail and bus services improved to reduce cars

  5. Weekly vans provide services to small villages
• Transportation of particles along a coastline

  1. Strength of waves influences

  2. Angle at which waves strike the shoreline influences
• Prevailing wind direction


  Determines the direction from which a pebble or sand particle is carried up the beach by the swash
• Wave and wind direction


  Determines the angle at which the particle is pulled down the beach by gravity and the wave's backwash
• Longshore drift


  Particle moves along the shoreline as the process of being carried up the beach by the swash and pulled down by gravity and backwash is repeated over and over
• Explain how an igneous rock is formed and give examples

  Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boudaries or hot spots. Examples: Granite, Basalt
• Explain how a sedimentary rock is formed and give examples

  Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth’s surface. Examples: Sandstone, limestone
• What is a metamorphic rock

  Metamorphic rocks started out as another type of rock but have been substantially changed from their original form. They form due to high heat, pressure and hot mineral-rich fluids. Examples: Marble, quartzite
• What is a ‘glacial’ period?

  A glacial period is an interval of time within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances
• What is an ‘interglacial’ period?

  An interglacial period is a period of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years.
• When did the last Ice Age begin and end in the UK?

  The last ice age started around 110,000 years ago and ended around 10,000 years ago
• What might have caused the last ice age?

  The Earth’s orbit around the sun and the tilt of the Earth.
• Describe the rocks types in Scotland

  The lowlands are mainly sedimentary rock, the highlands are mainly Igneous and the majority of Scotland, and the islands are metamorphic
• What parts of the UK were glaciated?

  The ice sheet reached southern England
• How does snow turn into ice?

  Snow-Firn-IceOver time snow falls and becomes compact into a denser layer. After at least one year it is called firn. After another 25-40 years the firn turns into ice and the process repeats
• Where are ribbon lakes found

  Ribbon lakes are found in U-shaped valleys.
• How are ribbon lakes formed

  Ribbon lakes are formed when glaciers were able to erode more deeply elsewhere. When this happens the ice leaves a hollow which becomes a lake.
• What is a misfit stream

  A misfit stream is a river that goes through a U-shaped valley after the ice has melted but the stream doesn’t fit the valley
• What is a truncated spur

  Spurs of rock that jutted out into the valley were eroded to become truncated spurs
• What is a hanging valley

  A hanging valley is a smaller side valley left ‘hanging’ above the main U-shaped valley
• What organisations protect the Lake District

  National Park Authority, National Trust
• What do organisations do to help the Lake District

  Repair paths, conserve national wildlife habitats, reduce traffic congestion
• what is polar maritime?

  This air mass starts very cold and dry but during its long passage over the relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic its temperature rises rapidly and it becomes unstable to a great depth.
• what is tropical maritime?

  tropical maritime is when the air is usually warm and moist because the air picks up moisture from the sea.
• what is artic maritime?

  artic maritime is when the air brings in very cold and wet weather.
• Latitude - places closer to the equator are usually warmer, and places nearer to the North Pole and South Pole are colder.
• Relief - places located on flat low-lying land are warmer and places higher up, ie mountains, are colder and wetter.