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• Deviation from Ideal mental health


  Positive attitudes towards the self, Self actualisation , being resistant to stress, personal autonomy , accurate perception of reality and environmental mastery.
• Deviation from Ideal Mental health Strength


  1)POSITIVE VIEW OF MA PLUS DIAGNOSIS APPLICATION = focuses on behaviour which is desirable rather than undesirable. GOOD TRAITS - helps ppl realise areas of MH that they need to work on.2)BROAD RANGE OF 6 CRITERIA-comprehensive diagnostic toolCovers all MI in some way.
• Deviation from Ideal mental health weakness


  UNREALISTIC CRITERIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH- due to stressors of today’s society (like exams/work), very few people match ALL criteria set by Jahoda but according to def, majority would be abnormal and need help.May lead toMISDIAGNOSIS.
• Characteristics of phobias


  Behavioural, emotional and cognitive
• Behavioural characteristics of phobias

  Panic, avoidance, endurance.
• Emotional characteristics of phobias

  Anxiety- prevents sufferer relaxing and makes hard to experience any positive emotion.Unreasonable responsesin relation to P stimulus.
• Two process model - Mowrer


  Phobias are ACQUIRED thru classical conditioning and MAINTAINED thru operant conditioning.
• Acquisition of phobias


  Involves learning to associate something which we initially have no fear (NS) of with something that already triggers a fear response (UCS).
• Maintenance of phobias


  Conditioned responses tend to decline overtime but phobias are long-lasting. Explained by operant conditioning through negative reinforcement- individual avoids phobic stimulus to get rid of unpleasant experience.
• Strength of behavioural approach in explaining phobias


  WATSON AND RAYNER -9 MONTH OLDLITTLE ALBERTshowed white rat- initially no unusual anxiety - even plays with it.SET OUT TO GIVE PHOBIA- loud frightening noise by banging iron bar near his ear. EVENTUALLY he becamescared of rat even when noise wasn’t present.Rat was nowconditionedphobic stimulus.
• Strength of behavioural approach in explaining phobias 2


  Extended our previous understanding of phobias,before was only based onACQUISITION. - Explains how phobias areMAINTAINED- led to treatments likeFLOODING- where sufferer cannot avoid ps. Flooding also seen as effective - supports validity of theory.
• Weakness of behavioural approach in explaining phobias


  Incomplete expl -BOUNTON- we acquire phobia ofsources of danger in evolutionary past like snakes. Whereas les likely to acquire phobia of things like guns/cars even tho theyre dangerous.SELIGMAN-‘biological preparedness’
• Weakness of behavioural approach in explaining phobias 2


  There is an alternative explanation for avoidance behaviour - cog expl would sayirrational beliefs leads to phobia- contribute tofeelings of anxiety and result in display of emotional symptoms of phobias.- Simplistic cause and effect explanation, ignores mediating factors in phobia acquisition/maintenance.
• Systematic desensitisation


  Involves gradual exposure to phobic stimulus while practicing relaxation techniques - based on principle of RECIPROCAL INHIBITION

  1. Anxiety Hierarchy, 2. Relaxation technique, 3. Gradual Exposure

  Counter conditioning - replacing fear with relaxation
• Flooding


  Direct and immediate exposure to phobic stimulus, patient prevented from avoidance. Left in presence until no physiological arousal and are exhausted. Leads to EXTINCTION -association between phobia and fear dies.
• Strength of behavioural treatment for phobias

  GILROY- tracked 42 people- arachnophobia . 3 x 45 min SD sessions compared to Ctrl group -only relaxation. At 3,33months, SD group significantly less FEARFUL than ctrl group.1) SD= EFFECTIVE, 2) EFFECTIVE IN LONG-RUN (eg 33 months)
• Strength of behavioural treatment for phobias 2


  OUGRIN- compared SD and F to cog therapies. Both much quicker, whereas CBT requires keeping diaries and homework tasks = much longer. Flooding - less effort so more people likely to stick to it as no major impact on everyday life. WHEREAS CBT may be burden on busy people, high attrition rates
• Weakness of behavioural treatment for phobias


  MAY NOT ADDRESS ROOT CAUSE OF PHOBIA.- psychoanalysts would say too focused on symptoms and ignores real cause - traumatic childhoods repressed by unconscious mind. - Alleviates anxiety but not fix phobia. - ineffective in long run.
• Weakness of behavioural treatment for phobias 2


  FLOODING - TRAUMATIC- patients feeling extreme emotion - fainting/breathing probs. 1)People w respiratory issues may be put off.2) People have todrop treatment and make phobia worse. SD = more appropriate than flooding.
• Behavioural characteristic of depression


  Change in Activity , Change in Sleep/Eating, Social Impairment
• Emotional characteristic of depression


  Depressed mood, Lack of interest/pleasure, Worthlessness
• Cognitive characteristic of depression


  Reduced concentration, negative beliefs about the self.
• Beck's negative triad


  negative view of self, world, and future- forms aNEVERENDING,INTRUSIVE CYCLE OF DEPRESSIVE THOUGHTS. -negative schemas along w bias maintain triad.
• Cognitive biases


  Selective attention and overgeneralisation
• Ellis' ABC model


  Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences- not activating event that causes consequence, but isBELIEF about activating event.IRRATIONAL beliefs lead to negative feelings= depression.
• Supporting research for cognitive explanation of depression


  KOSTER ET AL- student volunteers in anATTENTION TASK- Positive, negative and neutral words. Depressed ppts - focused on negative words
• Supporting research for cognitive explanation of depression 2


  Practical application- 1) Led to CBT and 2) Beck reviewed effectiveness and found that it wasHighly effective
• Weakness of cog explanation of depression 1


  REDUCTIONIST - overly focused on internal mental thoughts. 1)Ignores BIOLOGICAL FACTORS like NTs. 2) SSRI effectiveness adds further validity.
• Weakness of cog explanation of depression 2


  CORRELATION - dofaulty schemas lead to depressionor depression or does depression lead to faulty schemas. LATTER/FORMER. - MCGUFFIN - 46% MZ twins, 20% DZ twins
• Thought Catching


  Helps identify automatic thoughts about self, world and future. Done through discussions or homework (journaling/diary)
• Challenging beliefs


  Once thoughts have been identified, therapist challenges them through discussion by using evidence to disprove the thoughts. REALITY TESTING
• Cognitive Restructuring


  Replaces negative thoughts withpositive, constructive ones.
• Behavioural activation


  A therapy for depression focusing on encouraging patients to engage in those activities they previously enjoyed.Graded hw
• Ellis' REBT


  To identify and dispute irrational thoughts.
• 3 types of disputing


  Empirical, logical, pragmatic
• Empirical disputing


  Is there evidence?
• Logical disputing


  Does it make sense?
• Pragmatic disputing


  Are irrational beliefs helpful? e.g. How is this belief actually going to help me?
• Effect of disputing


  Changes irrational beliefs into more rational beliefs.
• Strength of cog approach to treating depression


  REBT effectivenessin reducing symptoms of moderate/severe depression.DAVID ET AL-compared REBT, CBT and drugsfound that they all were effective.At 6 months,found that REBT was most effective. -REBT - most effective in long run.