Infection and response

• What is a pathogen?

  A microorganism that causes infectious disease
• What are 4 types of pathogens?

  Bacteria, protists, viruses and fungi
• What are the 3 ways diseases are spread?

  Through the air

  Through contaminated food or water

  Direct contact
• What are 4 ways to control the spread of disease?

  Controlling/Killing Vectors

  Vaccinations

  Hygiene

  Isolation
• How do viruses make us feel ill (3)

  • Invade/ Enter host cells
  • Reproduce rapidly inside of our cells, causing them to burst
  • Which releases viruses and damages other cells
• How do bacteria make us feel ill (3)

  1. Reproduce rapidly
  2. Produce toxins
  3. which damage our tissues and make us feel ill
• Why are viruses impossible to kill with antibiotics?

  Antibiotics kill bacteria and viruses live inside host cells, therefore are inaccessible to drugs like antibiotics.
• How is measles spread?

  Inhalation of droplets produced by infected people when they sneeze or cough
• What are symptoms of measles?

  Red skin rash and fever
• How is measles prevented?

  Vaccination
• How is HIV spread?

  Exchange of bodily builds or sexual contact
• What are symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like, fever, headache and tiredness
• How can HIV be controlled?

  Using antiretroviral drugs
• What may happen if HIV is not controlled?

  Develop into AIDS
• Why is AIDS dangerous?

  • Weakens the immune system
  • Wont be able to fight off infections or cancers
  • White blood cells are produced slower or not at all
• What plants can TMV be found in?

  Tomato and tobacco
• How is TMV spread?

  Direct contact of plants, animal and plant vectors and soil
• What are symptoms of TMV?

  Mosaic pattern of discolouration
• What causes discolouration in plants?

  Damage to chlorophyll and nitrate deficiency
• What process to bacteria reproduce by?

  Binary fission
• How is salmonella spread?

  Bacteria ingested from contaminated food or water.
• How is salmonella prevented?

  In the UK poultry are vaccinated
• What are symptoms of salmonella?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea.
• What causes the symptoms of salmonella?

  Bacteria and the toxins they secrete
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  Unprotected sex
• How is gonorrhoea prevented?

  Barrier methods of contraception e.g. condoms
• What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis

  Pain when urinating
• Outline the differences between Viruses and Bacteria (6)

  1. Viruses are smaller than bacteria
  2. Viruses are of infections are systematic whilst bacteria is localised
  3. All viruses are pathogenic, not all bacteria are
  4. Viruses are treated with antiretrovirals but bacteria is treated by antibiotics
  5. Viruses invade host cells, reproduce and burst them, but bacteria reproduce rapidly inside the body and release toxins
• Trillions of bacteria in our intestine helps with digestion
• Where does digitalis originate from?

  Foxglove
• What is digitalis?

  Heart drug
• Where does aspirin originate from?

  Willow
• Who discovered Penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• Where was penicillin found?

  Penicillium mould
• What was the first antibiotic made?

  Penicillin
• Where are most new drugs synthesised by chemists now?

  Pharmaceutical industry
• What do preclinical trials test on?

  Cells tissues and live animals
• What is tested in pre clinical trials?

  Toxicity
• What does phase 1 clinical trials test on and what does it test?

  Small group of healthy volunteers - safety
• What does phase 2 clinical trials test on and what does it test?

  Large group of healthy volunteers - efficacy and maximum dose before side effects