bio simple spec

• monosaccharides


  single simple sugar molecule
• disaccharides


  sugar made up off two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond formed in a condensation reaction
• polysaccharides


  polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
• condensation reaction


  reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

  
• glycosidic bond


  covalent bond formed in a condensation reaction
• anion


  negative ion formed when an atom gains an electron
• cation


  positive ion formed when an atom loses an electron
• ionic bonds


  attractive forces between oppositely charged ions
• covalent bonds


  formed when atoms share electrons
• dipole


  separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in a covalent bond are not evenly shared
• polar molecule


  molecule containing a dipole
• hydrogen bonds


  weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom
• monomer


  small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer
• polymer


  long chain molecule made up of many smaller repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds
• macromolecule


  very large molecule formed by polymerisation
• starch


  energy store in plants made of amylose and amylopectin. Insoluble and compact and can be broken down rapidly to release glucose
• sucrose


  sweet tasting disaccharide formed by the joining of a glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond
• glucose


  hexose sugar
• triose sugar


  sugar with 3 carbon atoms and important in mitochondria
• pentose sugar


  sugar with 5 carbon atoms and important in nucleic acid
• ribose


  pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of RNA

  
• deoxyribose


  pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA
• deoxyribonucleic acid


  nucleic acid that acts as the genetic material in many organisms
• ribonucleic acid


  nucleic acid which can act as the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
• hexose sugar


  sugar with 6 carbon atoms and taste sweet
• isomers


  molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
• nitrate ions (NO3)-


  needed in plants for formation of amino acids and DNA
• phosphate ions (PO4)3-


  forms ATP, ADP, DNA and RNA
• calcium ions (Ca)2+


  forms calcium pectate for middle lamella between cell walls
• magnesium ions (Mg)2+


  produces chlorophyll in plants
• water- polar solvent


  ionic substances dissolve in it and can carry other substances
• water- transport


  substances dissolve in it and can be transported
• water- density


  ice is less dense than water, and maximum density at 4C
• water- high SHC


  slow to absorb and release heat and a large amount of energy is needed to change temp of large bodies
• water- hydraulics


  liquid can't be compressed
• water- cohesive


  sticks together and helps movement of water from root to leaves
• water- adhesive


  stick to other molecules and helps plant transport systems and surface tensions
• water- high surface tension


  attraction between molecules is greater than attraction to air, so helps life at surface of ponds
• water- incompressibility


  molecules are close together so can't be compressed
• hydrogenation of sugars


  reduces energy they provide but taste sweet so used for weight loss