Bioenergetics

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    Created by
    Ruadhan Mccorquodale

    Cards (30)

    • co2 from air enters leaves via diffusion
      water from soil enters roots via osmosis
      sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll
      glucose made in leaves
      oxygen is the waste products as it exists via diffusion
    • Equation of photoynthesis
      carbion dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
    • Balanced photosynthesis equation
      6CO(2) + 6H(2)O -> C6H12O6 + 6O(2)
    • Uses of glucose
      -Respiration to release energy
      -Converts to insoluble starch to store glucose
      -Makes fats/oils to store glucose
      -Used to produce cellulose to strengthen cell wall
      -Combines with nitrates from soil forming amino acids and makes proteins for growth
    • Is photosynthesis endo/exothermic

      Endothermic
      -Energy transferred from surroundings to chloroplasts via light
    • Limiting Factors
      Light intensity
      Carbn dioxide
      Temperature
    • How to answer Light intensity and carbion limiting factor graphs
      (Light intensity) is the limiting factor because as (light intensity) increases so does rate of photosynthesis
      No longer limiting factor so temperature/Carbion dioxide is limiting
    • why does the rate drop rapidly when temperature is no longer limiting
      Enzymes denature
    • What to look for in greenhouse questions
      -Maximises photosynthesis rates
      -Maintains profits eg cost of energy
    • How can we measure rate of photosynthesis
      -Pondweed, measuring how many bubbles per minute
      -Volume of oxygen produced per minute
    • Pondweed practical
      -Set up lamp, ruler and beaker with water and pondweed
      -Add sodium bicarbonate (Adds CO2 so its not limiting factor)
      -Move the lamp to 10cm, switch on and wait so ROP stabalises
      -Count number of bubbles produced in one minute
      -Change distance each time by adding 10 cm, repeat 4-5 times
      -Repeat
    • Control variables of pondweed practical
      -Same pondweed and length
      -Same temperature by using a water bath
      -Same Carbon dioxide concentration
      -Repeat experiment 3 times take a mean excluding anomolies
    • other experiments to pondweed
      -Change light intensity by changing brightness of bulb
      -Alter potential difference
      -Change the colour of light using colour filters
    • Inverse square law
      light intensity = 1/increase in distance^2
    • Respiration provides energy for all living things
    • Respiration is exothermic and happens continuously
    • process of aerobic respiration
      -Oxygen taken into lungs
      -Glucose taken into small intestines
      -Transported via blood - capillaries
      -Waste products of carbon dioxide and water
      -Releases energy
    • Released energy uses
      -Chemical reactions building large molecules
      -Movement (contraction)
      -Keeping warm (exothermic)
      -Active transport of molecules and mineral ions
    • What is glucose converted to in animal cells in anaerobic
      lactic acid
    • What is glucose converted to in plant and yeast cells in anaerobic
      ethanol and carbon dioxide
    • What is the difference in energy between respirations
      anaerobic has much less energy breakdown as oxidation of glucose is incomplete
    • response to exercise
      -More energy is needed
      -To provide more energy, breathing rate increases
      -Deeper faster breaths - more oxygen taken into blood for aerobic respiration
      -Heart rate increases
      -High BPM - more oxyginated blood supplied to working muscle cells
      -Releases more energy for contraction
    • What happens when there is not enough oxygen
      anaerobic respiration
    • Process of anaerobic respiration
      -Glucose is converted to lactic acid
      -Oxygen debt
      -Lactic acid builds up, muscles become fatigued
      -Stop contracting efficiently
    • Where is lactic acid transported to
      the liver
      Converts it back to glucose to remove lactic acid from blood
    • What is oxygen debt
      Amount of extra oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration to react with lactic acid to remove it from cells
    • Metabolism conversions
      Simple sugars <-> complex carbohydrates
      Amino acids <-> proteins
      Fatty acids and glycerol <-> lipids
    • Metabolism in plants
      -Glucose converts to starch/cellulose by forming a long chain
      -Glucose combines with nitrate ions to form amino acids
    • Metabolism in plants and animals
      lipid molecules from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
    • Metabolism in animals
      -Breakdown of excess amino acids to form urea for excretion
      -Conversion of glucose to glycerol by forming cains to store glucose in muscles and liver
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