Part 1

• What is the first component of the digestive system?

  Digestive Tract/Alimentary Canal
• What are the main parts of the Digestive Tract/Alimentary Canal?

  • Oral Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Anus
• What are the parts of the stomach?

  Compound Stomach, Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
• What are the sections of the Small Intestine?

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• What are the sections of the Large Intestine?

  • Caecum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
• What are the components of the Digestive Glands?

  Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas
• What are the types of Salivary Glands?

  • Parotid
  • Sublingual
  • Mandibular
• What are the Accessory Digestive Structures?

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Cheeks
  • Lips
  • Hard Palate
  • Soft Palate
• What does prehension refer to?

  The act of bringing food into the stomach
• What is mastication?

  Grinding, crushing, and chewing food
• What is deglutition?

  The act of swallowing food
• What are the phases of deglutition?

  1. From mouth to pharynx (voluntary)
  2. From pharynx to esophagus (reflex)
  3. From esophagus to stomach (reflex)
• What are the steps in swallowing?

  • Contraction of mylohyoid and hypoglossal muscles
  • Pressing tongue against hard palate
  • Tongue drives bolus towards pharynx
  • Elevated soft palate cuts off nasal passage
  • Forward pulling of hyoid bone opens esophagus
  • Closure of larynx by epiglottis allows bolus entry
• What is regurgitation?

  The act of bringing swallowed food back up
• What is rumination?

  Regurgitating and chewing previously swallowed food
• What is a bolus?

  Ingesta in the esophagus
• What is chyme?

  Ingesta in the stomach
• What are the non-specific defense mechanisms of the digestive system?

  • Digestive secretions:
  • Slightly alkaline (oral cavity to esophagus)
  • Acidic (gastric juices)
  • Strongly alkaline (intestines due to bile)
• What is the pH of digestive secretions in the oral cavity?

  Slightly alkaline
• What is the pH of gastric juices?

  Acidic
• What is the pH of intestinal secretions due to bile?

  Strongly alkaline
• What does GASLT stand for?

  Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• What are the components of GASLT?

  • Peyer's patches
  • Lamina propria lymphocytes
  • Interepithelial lymphocytes
• Where are Peyer's patches primarily located?

  In the ileum's mucosa and submucosa
• What type of lymphocytes are found in Peyer's patches?

  B lymphocytes
• What do lamina propria lymphocytes secrete?

  IgA
• Where are interepithelial lymphocytes located?

  Between epithelial cells beneath tight junctions
• What pathogens are commonly found in the digestive tract?

  • E. coli
  • Salmonella
  • Staphylococcus
  • Streptococcus
  • Entamoeba
  • Giardia
  • Rotavirus
  • Campylobacter
  • Clostridium
  • Treponema
  • Coccidia (Eimeria, Isospora)
  • Intestinal parasites (ruminal flukes, liver flukes, tapeworms, roundworms)
  • Fungi (Candida, Aspergillus)
• What is epulis?

  A tumor of the gums
• What causes thrush in the oral cavity?

  Infection by Candida albicans
• What is lock jaw a symptom of?

  Tetanus infection
• What are the inflammatory conditions of the oral cavity?

  • Gingivitis (gums)
  • Cheilitis (lips)
  • Odontitis (teeth)
  • Lampas (hard palate)
  • Stomatitis (mucous membrane)
  • Glossitis (tongue)
• What is cricopharyngeal achalasia?

  Failure of the ring muscle to relax
• What causes fibrosarcoma-like lesions in the esophagus?

  Migrating stages of Spirocerca lupi
• What type of lesions are caused by Gongylonema spp.?

  Lesions in zigzag fashion
• What infections can cause esophagitis and ingluvitis?

  Infections by Candida albicans and Oidium pullorum
• What is a common cause of mucosal injury in the stomach?

  NSAIDs, stress, or bacterial infections
• What is traumatic reticulopericarditis also known as?

  Hardware disease
• What is ruminal tympany bloat?

  A flatulent digestive disorder of ruminants
• What parasites can cause stomachworms?

  Haemonchus, Ostertagia, or Physaloptera