1: general anatomy

• Cuticle: Outer waxy layer on leaves, reduces water loss
• Cell wall: Multi-layered structure, protects cells
• Middle lamella: separates primary and secondary cell wall
• Plasmodesmata: cytoplasmic connections between cells
• Cellulose: Glucose molecules forming a long chain
• The primary cell wall is composed of cellulose, while the secondary cell wall is composed of hemi-cellulose and lignin for cell wall strength and thickening.
• Secondary growth is due to the thickening of the secondary cell walls.
• The middle lamella, containing pectin and calcium, holds individual cells together
• The plasmodesmata is a connection between plant cells that facilitates communications, signalling, and the transport of materials.
• The shoot of a plant is above ground, consisting of a stem and leaves, bearing flowers and seeds
• The root part of a plant is found below ground, and used as storage organs and to absorb waters and nutrients by having a large surface area.
• Label this diagram

  A) shoot

  B) root

  C) roots

  D) taproot

  E) stem

  F) leaf

  G) apical bud

  H) internode

  I) node

  J) apical bud

  K) reproductive shoot

  L) auxillary bud

  
• Label the types of leaves

  A) simple

  B) compound

  C) doubly compound

  
• The primary site for photosynthesis are leaves, which form sugar from carbon dioxide and water, and oxygen is produced.
• Cuticles on leaves contain hydrophobic waxes used to reduce water loss.
• Leaves can adapt and change to spines, tendrils, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, and bracts.
• Stems provide physical support to plants and facilitate the movement of water through xylem and nutrients through phloem .
• Apical meristems found on the stems allow for growth, containing actively dividing cells
• Axillary buds are used to grow side shoots with actively dividing cells
• Stems can be used to store food and water.
• Lateral growth increases width of a stem.
• Rhizomes is a modified stem, found in plants such as tumeric and ginseng, used to store nutrients.
• Stolons are modified stems used for vegetative propagation or asexual reproduction.
• Tubers are modified stems used as storage organs.
• 4 types of meristematic tissues include apical tissues (shoot and root), axillary, and lateral meristem (vascular).
• Meristems are actively growing regions found at the tips of shoots and roots of plants that allow for continued growth.
• Growth of side shoots from stems is also due to axillary bud meristems.
• Lateral growth, or the expansion of width of stems, is due to the activity of lateral meristems, especially cambium.
• Functions of roots include

  • anchor the plant in the soil
  • absorb water and nutrients from the soil with large surface area
  • stores nutrients
  • continued growth through root meristems
• Modifications of roots include prop roots, buttress roots, aerial roots, pneumatophores, and storage roots.
• Dermal tissue is found on the outside of a plant, used to provide protection.

  • ex: epidermis
• Meristematic tissue is found at the growing tips.
• Ground tissues consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
• Vascular tissues include xylem and phloem.
• Parenchyma cells are the most common type of ground tissue cells. They are living cells that are used for photosynthesis since they have chloroplasts. They can store food (starch) in roots, tubers, fruit, etc. They have thin walls and large vacuoles.
• Collenchyma cells, unlike parenchyma cells, do not store food. They are also living cells. have thicker walls for structural support.
• Sclerenchyma cells are hollow, thick-walled nonliving cells used to for rigidity and support with secondary walls.
• Xylem and phloem are types of vascular tissue used to move items throughout the plant.
• Phloem moves sugar and water solution from the leaves to the other part of the plant.
• Xylem moves water and nutrients from the roots through stems to leaves throughout the plant.