History Review T2 (In class)

• Medieval Europe was always the least culturally developed of the 3 successors to Rome
• The baptism of Clovis is considered the beginning of the nation of France.
• The main language of learning in medieval Europe was Latin.
• Charlemagne and the Saxons is an example of conversion to Christianity through coercion.
• The barbarian kingdoms of medieval Europe did not effectively continue Roman rule there.
• Medieval governments became more and more powerful as time went on.
• The investiture controversy ended when the pope secured the spiritual authority and the emperor secured secular authority over the selection of bishops.
• Jermone's Latin translation of the Scriptures became widely used in medieval Europe.
• In Catholic understanding, Tradition came from the Apostles.
• Theotokos ("God-bearer") refers to the Virgin Mary.
• Indulgences removed punishment for sin (saved from hell).
• The medieval Church considered political involvement its main purpose. 


  False; The medieval Church's purpose is to justify, to sanctify, and to save
• The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" (french word)
• The Renaissance began in Italy
• Renaissance paintings adopted a more naturalistic style
• The development of perspective is one of the great achievements of Renaissance artists.
• Sacra conversazione was the artistic depiction of saints on a single canvas.
• Martin Luther is considered the initiator of the Protestant Reformation.
• Martin Luther opposed the indulgence promoted in Germany in 1517.
• Sola Scriptura was the Protestant principle that a Christian should follow the Bible as the authority.
• Sola Fide was the Protestant principle that we are saved by faith alone.
• Martin Luther had the protection of the rulers for his beliefs. He died due to sickness in 1546.
• Protestants never joined a single denomination, were all separated.
• The Enlightenment emphasized the power of reason as a means of increasing knowledge. (1630-1800)
• Descartes was a Catholic.
• Descartes confirmed his own existence as certain from the fact that he could think.
• Pascal thought that people who chose to believe in God would eventually become certain about God's existence throughout their lives.
• Jefferson believed the Bible contained stories of miracles that were not true.
• Beccaria emphasized the need to punish crimes because people needed to be protected from those who would commit them.
• 45 million Native Americans lived south of the Rio Grande River c. 1500.
• Spain claimed to rule 20 million Indians by the mid-1500s.
• Aztec sacrifice typically involved the sacrifice of human beings.
• Las Casas believed in actively fighting slavery and the colonial abuse of indigenous peoples, especially by trying to convince the Spanish court to adopt a more humane policy of colonization.

  Sepulveda claimed that Spain had the right to conquer and subjugate the Indians.
• African Slavery was not a major part of the English colonies from the moment of their founding.
• Slavery was legal in every 13 English colonies in the Americas by 1776.
• S. Carolina was founded in imitation of the slave colonies in the West Indies.
• The Chesapeake transitioned to slavery partly because the price of slaves dropped.
• Slavery in America created a caste society that was very different from Europe. There was racial division, which was etched into America's law in the 13 colonies.
• Most Africans brought to the New World as slaves ended up in Brazil and New England.
• Renaissance humanism admired ancient Greek and Latin writings.