lesson 5

• german philosopher (1724 - 1804)


  immanuel kant
• human knowledge is constructed by the self (transcendental ego) out of sense impression and universal concepts. experience is the only way to gain knowledge


  transcendental idealism
• what are those that are immortal 


  soul
• the world is designed to what principle?

  principle of justice
• the morality of a person does not necessarily come to the supreme being but to what?

  reason
• principle on how humans should act. an unwritten rule of humans.

  maxim
• 2 types of maxim 


  subjective and objective
• the moral obligation of a person and is usually the hypothetical imperative. beneficial to a person.

  subjective maxim
• based on reasoning and categorical imperative. it is the motivation beyond the action.

  objective maxim
• it is the objective maxim of a man

  duty
• what does it mean when a man fails to follow the categorical imperative?

  irrational and acts on his own pleasure
• does the motivation of a man goes beyond pleasure?


  true
• following the duties without regards or desires. an obligation of a man.

  goodwill
• a command

  imperative
• types of imperatives

  hypothetical and categorical
• conventional commands based on relevant desires. motivation on making a decision.

  hypothetical imperative
• universal ethical principle that is unconditional. absolute rule of conduct. 


  categorical imperative
• is there a supreme being in morality?

  yes
• how we judge our actions as right or wrong itself and is not dependent on the consequences

  deontological moral theory
• essential to a rational being which must be regarded as autonomous or free. 


  non instrumental principle
• what are required to confirm non instrumental principles

  rational agents
• formulation of CI wherein it is "act only according to the maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction."

  universalizability principle
• formulation of CI wherein "act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end, and never as a mere means."

  formula of humanity
• what does CI emphasizes for humanity and others.

  basic respect
• it is the truth of reason and all rational creatures are bounded by it

  moral law
• it governs everyone and no one is excusable for it.

  morality
• what will result in violating categorical imperatives?

  immoral actions
• other philosophers that believe in the importance of having standards of rationality as basis of morality

  thomas hobbes and john locke
• he pointed that these standards were just instrument of rationalities for one's satisfaction

  thomas hobbes
• argued that these standards are external rational principles that are discovered by reason 


  john locke and st. thomas aquinas
• what makes someone a good person?

  a person with moral worth and not action
• its what causes someone to work on things whether it is good or bad

  motivation
• what is the thing that humans use in order to determine what is right and wrong?

  reason